SSC & ADRE EXPRESS

*✍️पर्यटन स्थल, निर्माणकर्ता एवं वर्ष/Tourist place, creator and year*

*Ajanta Caves* - *अजंता की गुफा*
Constructed by *Gupta rulers* - *गुप्त शासकों द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *200 BCE* - *200 ई.पू.*

*Ellora Caves* - *एलोरा की गुफा*
Constructed by *Rashtrakutas* - *राष्ट्रकूटों द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *450-650 CE* - *450-650 ई.*

*Kanchipuram Temple* - *कांचीपुरम का मंदिर*
Constructed by *Pallava rulers* - *पल्लव राजा द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *6th century* - *छठी सदी*

*Khajuraho Temple* - *खजुराहो मंदिर*
Constructed by *Chandel rulers* - *चंदेल राजाओं द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *950-1050 CE* - *950-1050 ई.*

*Qutub Minar* - *कुतुब मीनार*
Constructed by *Qutub-ud-din Aibak* - *कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1193 CE* - *1193 ई.*

*Qutub Minar Second Storey* - *द्वितीय मंजिल कुतुब मीनार*
Constructed by *Qutub-ud-din Aibak* - *कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1199 CE* - *1199 ई.*

*Konark Temple* - *कोणार्क मंदिर*
Constructed by *Narasimha Deva I* - *नरसिंहदेव प्रथम द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *13th century* - *13वीं सदी*

*Hauz Khas* - *हौज खास*
Constructed by *Alauddin Khilji* - *अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1305 CE* - *1305 ई.*

*Vijay Stambh* - *विजय स्तंभ*
Constructed by *Maharana Kumbha* - *महाराणा कुम्भ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1458-68 CE* - *1458-68 ई.*

*Agra Fort* - *आगरा किला*
Constructed by *Akbar* - *अकबर द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1566 CE* - *1566 ई.*

*Fatehpur Sikri* - *फतेहपुर सीकरी*
Constructed by *Akbar* - *अकबर द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1571 CE* - *1571 ई.*

*Charminar* - *चारमीनार*
Constructed by *Quli Qutb Shah* - *कुली कुतुब शाह द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1591 CE* - *1591 ई.*

*Nishat Bagh* - *निशात बाग*
Constructed by *Asif Ali* - *आसिफ अली द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1633 CE* - *1633 ई.*

*Diwan-e-Khas* - *दीवाने खास*
Constructed by *Shah Jahan* - *शाहजहाँ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1637 CE* - *1637 ई.*

*Taj Mahal* - *ताजमहल*
Constructed by *Shah Jahan* - *शाहजहाँ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1630-52 CE* - *1630-52 ई.*

*Jama Masjid* - *जामा मस्जिद*
Constructed by *Shah Jahan* - *शाहजहाँ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1644 CE* - *1644 ई.*

*Moti Masjid* - *मोती मस्जिद*
Constructed by *Shah Jahan* - *शाहजहाँ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1646-53 CE* - *1646-53 ई.*

*Lal Qila* - *लाल किला*
Constructed by *Shah Jahan* - *शाहजहाँ द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1648 CE* - *1648 ई.*

*Fort William College* - *फोर्ट विलियम कॉलेज*
Constructed by *Lord Wellesley* - *लॉर्ड वेलेजली द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1800 CE* - *1800 ई.*

*Hawa Mahal* - *हवामहल*
Constructed by *Maharaja Pratap Singh* - *महाराजा प्रताप सिंह द्वारा निर्मित*
Year: *1799 CE* - 1799 ई.*

*✍️प्रमुख औषधीय एवं उनके स्रोत / Major Medicinal Substances and Their Sources*

*Q1. कुनैन किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Quinine is obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* सिनकोना की छाल | Bark of Cinchona

*Q2. निकोटिन किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Nicotine is obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* तम्बाकू | Tobacco

*Q3. कैफीन (एलकेलॉइड) किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Caffeine (Alkaloid) is obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* चाय, कॉफी | Tea, Coffee

*Q4. हेरोइन/मॉर्फिन/कोडिन किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Heroin/Morphine/Codeine are obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* अफीम | Opium

*Q5. एस्पिरिन किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Aspirin is obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* विलो | Willow

*Q6. कोकीन किससे प्राप्त किया जाता है? / Cocaine is obtained from which source?*
*Ans.* इरिथ्रोजाइलोन कोक (अकवन) | Erythroxylon coke (Akvan)

✍️ Important Facts About World Geography 🌍

1. Earth has 7 continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. 🌏
2. Asia is the largest continent by both area and population. 🗺️
3. Africa is the second-largest continent. 🌍
4. Europe and Asia share a landmass, known as Eurasia. 🌐
5. Antarctica is the coldest continent on Earth. ❄️
6. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. 🌊
7. The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. 🌍
8. Mount Everest, located in Nepal and China, is the highest peak in the world. 🏔️
9. The Nile River in Africa is the longest river in the world. 🌊
10. The Amazon River in South America has the largest water flow. 🌳🌊
11. The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world. 🏜️
12. The Arctic Circle passes through countries like Canada, Russia, and Norway. ❄️
13. The equator divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 🌏
14. Greenland is the largest island in the world. 🏝️
15. Australia is both a country and a continent. 🇦🇺🌏
16. Russia is the largest country in the world by area. 🌍
17. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world by area. 🇻🇦
18. The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain range in the world, located in South America. 🏞️
19. The Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Australia, is the largest coral reef system. 🐠🌊
20. The Dead Sea, between Jordan and Israel, is the lowest point on Earth's surface. 🌍
21. The Mediterranean Sea separates Europe from Africa. 🌊
22. Lake Superior, located in North America, is the largest freshwater lake by surface area. 🏞️
23. The Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. 🏔️
24. The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. 🏔️❄️
25. The Great Wall of China is the longest wall in the world. 🧱

*✍️भारत के राज्य-विशिष्ट उत्सव/State-specific festivals of India*

*आंध्र प्रदेश (Andhra Pradesh)*
दशहरा, उगादि, दक्कन महोत्सव, ब्रह्मोत्सवम
Dussehra, Ugadi, Deccan Festival, Brahmotsavam

*अरुणाचल प्रदेश (Arunachal Pradesh)*
रेह, बूढा वूद, मायोकुम, डी. पोंगल, लॉसर, मुंगला, सोलुंग, मोपिन, मोणपा उत्सव
Reh, Budha Vood, Myokum, D. Pongal, Losar, Mungla, Solung, Mopin, Monpa Utsav

*असम (Assam)*
अंबुबाची, भोगाली बिहू, बेशमाई, देहिंग पटकाई
Ambubachi, Bhogali Bihu, Beshmai, Dehing Patkai

*बिहार (Bihar)*
छठ पूजा, बिठलवा
Chhath Puja, Bithalwa

*छत्तीसगढ़ (Chhattisgarh)*
माधी पूर्णिमा, बस्तर दशहरा
Madhi Purnima, Bastar Dussehra

*गोवा (Goa)*
सनरद उत्सव, लोडेन, मांडो
Sanrad Utsav, Loden, Mando

*गुजरात (Gujarat)*
नवरात्रि, अंबा जी, मकर संक्रांति
Navratri, Amba Ji, Makar Sankranti

*हरियाणा (Haryana)*
बैसाखी
Baisakhi

*जम्मू और कश्मीर (Jammu & Kashmir)*
हर नवमी, छड़ी, बडु मेला, दोस्तमोजे
Har Navami, Chhadi, Badu Mela, Dostmoje

*झारखंड (Jharkhand)*
कर्म उत्सव, होली, रोहिणी, टुसू
Karma Utsav, Holi, Rohini, Tusu

*कर्नाटक (Karnataka)*
मैसूर दशहरा, उगादि
Mysore Dussehra, Ugadi

*केरल (Kerala)*
ओणम, विशु
Onam, Vishu

*मध्य प्रदेश (Madhya Pradesh)*
लोकसंगीत उत्सव, तेजा जी, खुजराहो उत्सव
Loksangeet Utsav, Teja Ji, Khajuraho Utsav

*मेघालय (Meghalaya)*
नोकेम उत्सव, खासी उत्सव, वांगाला, सजिबू चेराओबा
Nokem Utsav, Khasi Utsav, Wangala, Sajibu Cheraoaba

*महाराष्ट्र (Maharashtra)*
गणेश उत्सव, गुड़ी पड़वा
Ganesh Utsav, Gudi Padwa

*मणिपुर (Manipur)*
याओशांग, पोरोग, चांगा कुट
Yaoshang, Porog, Changa Kut

*मिजोरम (Mizoram)*
चपचार कुट महोत्सव
Chapchar Kut Festival

*नागालैंड (Nagaland)*
हॉर्नबिल उत्सव, मोत्सू उत्सव
Hornbill Utsav, Motsu Utsav

*ओडिशा (Odisha)*
राजरानी, राजा उत्सव, बुद्ध पूर्णिमा
Rajarani, Raja Utsav, Buddha Purnima

*राजस्थान (Rajasthan)*
गणगौर, तीज, बूंदी
Gangaur, Teej, Bundi

*सिक्किम (Sikkim)*
लोसार, सागा दावा
Losar, Saga Dawa

*तमिलनाडु (Tamil Nadu)*
पोंगल, थाईपुसम, नाट्यंजलि महोत्सव
Pongal, Thaipusam, Natyanjali Festival

*तेलंगाना (Telangana)*
बोनालु, बथुकम्मा
Bonalu, Bathukamma

*त्रिपुरा (Tripura)*
खर्ची पूजा
Kharchi Puja

*पश्चिम बंगाल (West Bengal)*
दुर्गा पूजा
Durga Puja

*उत्तराखंड (Uttarakhand)*
गंगा दशहरा
Ganga Dussehra

*उत्तर प्रदेश (Uttar Pradesh)*
रामनवमी, गंगा महोत्सव, नवरात्रि, खिचड़ी
Ram Navami, Ganga Mahotsav, Navratri, Khichdi

*✍️भारत के प्रमुख प्रक्षेपास्त्र /India's Major Missiles*

*• पृथ्वी (Prithvi): सतह-से-सतह कम दूरी का बैलिस्टिक प्रक्षेपास्त्र* _Surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile_

*• त्रिशूल (Trishul): सतह से हवा में मार करने वाला प्रक्षेपास्त्र* _Surface-to-air missile_

*• आकाश (Akash): सतह से हवा में मार करने वाला बहुक्षेपीय प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
_surface-to-air multiple ballistic missile_

*• नाग (Nag): टैंकरोधी निर्देशित प्रक्षेपास्त्र, हेलिना रेंज का उन्नत संस्करण*
_Anti-tank guided missile, an advanced version of Helina_

*• अग्नि (Agni): सतह-से-सतह मध्यम दूरी का बैलिस्टिक प्रक्षेपास्त्र* _Surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile_

*• धनुष (Dhanush): जमीन से जमीन पर मार करने वाला प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
_ground to ground missile_

*• अस्त्र (Astra): हवा से हवा में मार करने वाला मध्यम दूरी का प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
_medium range air to air missile_

*• ब्रह्मोस (BrahMos): जमीन से जमीन पर मार करने वाला ध्वनि से तेज सुपरसोनिक क्रूज प्रक्षेपास्त्र* _Supersonic cruise missile, faster than sound, surface-to-surface_

*• सागरिका (Sagarika): सागर की गहराइयों से भी उपयोग किया जा सकने वाला प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
*A missile that can be used even from the depths of the sea*

*• शौर्य (Shaurya): सतह से सतह पर मार करने वाला मध्यम दूरी का हाइपरसोनिक बैलिस्टिक प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
_Surface-to-surface medium-range hypersonic ballistic missile_

*• प्रहार (Prahaar): सतह से सतह पर मार करने वाला कम दूरी का बैलिस्टिक प्रक्षेपास्त्र*
_surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile_

*• तारस (TARAS): वाटर जेट फास्ट अटैक क्राफ्ट श्रृंखला का पोत*
_A vessel from the water jet fast attack craft series_

*• पिनाका (Pinaka): स्वदेश निर्मित बहुनालक रॉकेट प्रणाली, जो 44 सेकंड में 12 रॉकेट एक साथ दाग सकती है*
_Indigenous multi-barrel rocket launcher system capable of firing 12 rockets in 44 seconds_

*✍️भारत की आंतरिक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था से संबंधित प्रमुख संगठन/ Major organizations related to internal security system of India*

*1. इंटेलिजेंस ब्यूरो (I.B.) / Intelligence Bureau*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1920
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*2. केंद्रीय जांच ब्यूरो (C.B.I.) / Central Bureau of Investigation*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1963
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*3. सीमा सुरक्षा बल (B.S.F.) / Border Security Force*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1965
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*4. नेशनल क्राइम रिकॉर्ड ब्यूरो (NCRB) / National Crime Records Bureau*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1986
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*5. केंद्रीय रिजर्व पुलिस बल (C.R.P.F.) / Central Reserve Police Force*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1939
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*6. इंडो-तिब्बत सीमा पुलिस (I.T.B.P.) / Indo-Tibetan Border Police*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1962
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*7. केंद्रीय औद्योगिक सुरक्षा बल (C.I.S.F.) / Central Industrial Security Force*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1969
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*8. असम राइफल्स (A.R.) / Assam Rifles*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1835
मुख्यालय / HQ: शिलांग | Shillong

*9. राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा गार्ड (N.S.G.) / National Security Guard*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1984
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*10. राष्ट्रीय कैडेट कोर (N.C.C.) / National Cadet Corps*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1948
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*11. भारतीय तटरक्षक बल / Indian Coast Guard*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1978
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*12. होम गार्ड्स / Home Guards*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1962
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*13. रैपिड एक्शन फोर्स (R.A.F.) / Rapid Action Force*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1991
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*14. प्रादेशिक सेना / Territorial Army*
स्थापना / Establishment: 1948
मुख्यालय / HQ: नई दिल्ली | New Delhi

*✴️ National Highway Information of India for Job Exam👇🏼*

NH 1—Delhi to Amritsar

NH 1A—Jalandhar to Uri

NH 2—Delhi to Kolkata

NH 3—Agra to Mumbai

NH 4—Thane to Chennai

NH 6—Dhulian to Kolkata

NH 7—Varanasi to Kanyakumari

NH 8—Delhi to Mumbai

NH 9—Pune to Vijayawada

NH 10—Delhi to Fazilka

NH 11—Agra to Bikaner

NH 12—Jabbalpur to Jaipur

NH 22—Ambala to Shipatri

NH 24—Delhi to Lucknow

NH 27—Allahabad to Varanasi

NH 28—Barauni to Lucknow

NH 31A—Sevak to Gangtok

NH 34—Dalkhola to Kolkata

NH 36—Naonga to Demakur

NH 40—Jorhat to Shillong

NH 42—Sambalpur to Cuttack

NH 43—Raipur to Vijayanagar

NH 44—Srinagar to Kanyakumari

NH 50—Nashik to Pune.

*▪️Longest – NH 44*

*▪️Smallest – NH 118 & NH 548*

General Science Questions and Answers 👇



1) Which is the anti-aging drug?
- Chesterine

2. Loss of which gland causes aging
- Thymus gland

3. Halogen impacting glass
- Bromine

4. What is ‘water glass’ chemically?
- Sodium silicate

5. Who is most deficient in malnutrition?
- Protein

6. Who proposed the theory of black holes?
- S Chandrashekhar

7. Which rays are emitted by cobalt-60?
- Gamma rays

8. What is the mass of the proton times the mass of the electron?
- 1836 times

9. About how much urine does a person excrete in a day?
- About 1.5 liters

10. Who proposed the wave theory of light?
- Sir Newton



11. The CGS unit of sound intensity is
- Decibels

12. Which part of the cell is called the 'Site of Control'
- The nucleus

13. Tetanus affects which part of the body?
- The nervous system

14. The name of the virus that causes swine flu is
- H1N1

15. Bird flu virus is named
- H5N1

16. The volume of one mole of gas at NTP is
- 22.4 liters

17. Which acid is found in tomato sauce?
- Acetic acid

18. A fungus that grows in cow dung
- Coprophyllus

19. The active chemicals in mosquito repellents are
- Elethrin

Which organ is affected in bright disease?
- kidney



21. When was the international unit system implemented?
- 1971

22. Which instrument is used to measure plant growth?
- Criscograph

23. Who invented the cryograph?
- J. C. Bose

24. Who discovered the neutrino?
- Polly

25. Who discovered the neutron
- Chadwick

26. who is considered the father of paleontology
- Leonardo da Vinci

27. Who was the first to explain the evolution of living things?
- Lamarck.
28. What is added to harden steel?
- Chromium

29. The CGS unit of work is
- erg

30. Which ion plays a role in blood clotting?
- Calcium ions

31. The device used to measure blood pressure is
- Sphygmomanometer

32. Blood pressure was first measured in which organism?
- horse

33. Where is bile produced in the body?
- liver

Where are the Islands of Langerhans found?
- In the pancreas

35. She is the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry
- Madame Curie

*✍️विश्व की प्रमुख झीलें | Major Lakes of the World*

*Q_1. कैस्पियन सागर झील कहाँ स्थित है ? / Where is Caspian Sea Lake located?*
*Ans.* रूस तथा ईरान | Russia and Iran

*Q_2. सुपीरियर झील कहाँ स्थित है ? /Where is Lake Superior located?*
*Ans.* अमेरिका तथा कनाडा | USA and Canada

*Q_3. न्यूपान झील कहाँ स्थित है ? / Where is Nyupan Lake located?*
*Ans.* USA तथा कनाडा | USA and Canada

*Q_4. मिशिगन झील कहाँ स्थित है ? /Where is Lake Michigan located?*
*Ans.* संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | USA

*Q_5. बैकाल झील कहाँ स्थित है ? / Where is Lake Baikal located?*
*Ans.* सोवियत संघ | Soviet Union

*Q_6. रूडोल्फ झील कहाँ स्थित है ?/Where is Lake Rudolf located?*
*Ans.* केन्या | Kenya

*Q_7. टिटीकाका झील कहाँ स्थित है ? / Where is Lake Titicaca located?*
Ans. पेरू-बोलीविया | Peru-Bolivia

*Q_8. रेंडियर झील कहाँ स्थित है! /Where is Reindeer Lake located?*
*Ans.* कनाडा | Canada

*Q_9. डलहौजी झील कहाँ स्थित है ? /Where is Dalhousie Lake located?*
*Ans.* फ्लोरिडा | Florida

*✍️प्रमुख ऑपरेशन | Major Operations*

*1. ऑपरेशन गंगा | Operation Ganga*
• युद्धग्रस्त यूक्रेन में फँसे भारतीय नागरिकों और छात्रों को भारत लाने के लिए (भारत सरकार द्वारा)
• To bring back Indian citizens and students stranded in war-torn Ukraine to India (by Government of India)

*2. ऑपरेशन ओलिविया | Operation Olivia*
• ओडिशा के ओलिव रिडले कछुओं को बचाने के लिए
• To protect Olive Ridley turtles in Odisha

*3. ऑपरेशन देवी शक्ति | Operation Devi Shakti*
• तालिबान के कब्जे वाले अफगानिस्तान में फँसे भारतीयों को निकालने के लिए (विदेश मंत्रालय द्वारा)
• To evacuate Indians stranded in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan (by Ministry of External Affairs)

*4. ऑपरेशन हॉट हवा | Operation Hot Hawa*
• सीमा सुरक्षा बल द्वारा राजस्थान के पश्चिमी अंतरराष्ट्रीय सीमा पर घने कोहरे में घुसपैठ की घटनाओं को रोकने के लिए
• To prevent infiltration during dense fog along the western international border of Rajasthan (by BSF)

*5. ऑपरेशन ग्रीन | Operation Green*
• केंद्र द्वारा टमाटर, प्याज तथा आलू के अतिरिक्त जल्द नष्ट होने वाले 22 और कृषि उत्पादों को शामिल करने हेतु
• To include 22 additional perishable agricultural products along with tomatoes, onions, and potatoes (by Government of India)

*6. ऑपरेशन समुद्र सेतु-II | Operation Samudra Setu-II*
• नौसेना द्वारा ऑक्सीजन कंटेनरों की तीव्र गति में शिपमेंट हेतु
• To expedite the shipment of oxygen containers (by Indian Navy)

*7. ऑपरेशन वनीला | Operation Vanilla*
• नौसेना द्वारा मानवीय सहायता तथा आपदा राहत मिशन
• Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief mission (by Indian Navy)

*8. ऑपरेशन नमस्ते | Operation Namaste*
• कोविड-19 से निपटने हेतु भारतीय थल सेना द्वारा
• To tackle COVID-19 (by Indian Army)

*9. ऑपरेशन संकटमोचन | Operation Sankat Mochan*
• भारतीय वायुसेना द्वारा समुद्री सुरक्षा हेतु चलाया गया
• Conducted for maritime security (by Indian Air Force)

*10. ऑपरेशन बंदर | Operation Bandar*
• बालाकोट स्ट्राइक का कोड
• Codename for Balakot airstrike

*11. ऑपरेशन सुदर्शन | Operation Sudarshan*
• BSF द्वारा पंजाब एवं जम्मू में पाकिस्तानी सीमा पर घुसपैठ रोकने के लिए
• To prevent infiltration along the Pakistan border in Punjab and Jammu (by BSF)

*12. ऑपरेशन थ्रस्ट | Operation Thrust*
• रेलवे सुरक्षा बल द्वारा अवैध पानी की बोतलों की बिक्री रोकने हेतु
• To prevent the sale of illegal water bottles (by Railway Protection Force)

*13. ऑपरेशन समुद्र मैत्री | Operation Samudra Maitri*
• भारत द्वारा भूकंप और सूनामी प्रभावित इंडोनेशिया की मदद के लिए चलाया गया
• Conducted to assist earthquake and tsunami-affected Indonesia (by Government of India)

*14. ऑपरेशन थंडर | Operation Thunder*
_• रेलवे द्वारा अवैध टिकटों की कालाबाजारी रोकने हेतु_
*To stop black-marketing of train tickets (by Indian Railways)*

*15. ऑपरेशन 25 | Operation 25*
• पुलवामा के मास्टरमाइंड आतंकी गाजी राशिद को पकड़ने हेतु
*• To capture Pulwama mastermind terrorist Ghazi Rashid*

🔷 New mammalian species added to Kaziranga’s fauna:
• Recently, the Kaziranga National Park and Tiger
Reserve in Assam has received the addition of two
new mammalian species,
1. the elusive binturong
2. the small-clawed otter.


🔷 North-east's first naturopathy institute:
• The first Central Research Institute of Yoga & Naturopathy of the North East at is being opened at Dehing Khamtighat Gaon at Dibrugarh.


🔷 Inter river linking project:
🔺Ken Betwa Link Project-
• It is the first project under the National Perspective Plan for interlinking of rivers.

• The Ken-Betwa Link Canal will be 221 km long, including a 2-km long tunnel.

• Ken and Betwa rivers originate in Madhya Pradesh.

• Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (MP) signed an MoU with Ministry of Jal Shakti for implementation of the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP (Modified PKC-ERCP) Link Project.



🔷 Meghalaya new state anthem:
• Marking Meghalaya’s 52nd statehood day on
January 21 this year, the state government
ceremoniously released an official state anthem.
• The two-minute-long anthem features segments in three languages – Khasi, Garo and English.

• The timeline for disposal of cases under Mission Basundhara 2.0 has been extended till January 15, 2024


🔷 Assam GDP data:
🔺Estimated GDP RS 5.65 lakh crore (2023-24)


🔷 Women Empowerment - Nari Adalat and Palna for Assam.(Mission Sakti)

• Nari Adalats are alternative dispute resolution forum for issues such as domestic violence and property rights.

• Under Palna scheme Union Women and Child
Development Ministry plans to set up 17,000
creches within Anganwadi centers across
India.


🔷 Focus on cultural unity:
• Srimanta Foundation is organizing an event
called “Xako” (bridge) where people from different ethnic groups of Assam will be performing each others’ songs and dances


🔷 Republic Day Tableau:
• The Assam tableau in the Republic Day parade portrayed a scene from the 1671 epic battle of Saraighat.

Theme: Nari Sakti(Kamakhya Temple)


🔷 3 child cap for rural scheme beneficiaries:
• Scheme: Mukhyamantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyaan (MMUA).
• The scheme aims to help women who are part
of self-help groups in rural parts of the state
develop into “rural micro entrepreneurs”, with the target being an annual income of Rs 1 lakh for each member.


🔷 Guwahati poorly ranked in Swachh Survekshan 2023


🔷 Karbi Youth Festival: Karbi Youth Festival at Taralangso (Karbi Anglong) is currently ongoing.

🔷 63rd Bodo Sahitya Sabha:
🔺Location: Boko (Kamrup)
🔺President: Suroth Narjary


🔷 Kumki elephants:
• These are trained captive Asian Elephant,used for Tourism


🔷 Padma Awards to personalities from Assam

🔺 1. Parbati Barua : She is India’s first female elephant mahout ( Hathi Ki Pari)
🔺 2. Sarbeswar Bashumatari : A tribal farmer from Chirang (Chirang ke Krishi Chiraag)
🔺 3. Drona Bhuyan : Drona Bhuyan is an Ojapali exponent and expert of Deodhani dance.
> Bishnu Rabha Award 2021
> Assam Gaurav Award 2023



🔷 Si-Donyi festival:
• The festival of Si-Donyi is celebrated by one of
the major tribes of Arunachal Pradesh known as Tagin.

• Celebrated in the month of January every year, this festival marks the beginning of a new year.

• It involves the veneration of the earth and the
sun.



🔷 Pravasi Bhartiya Diwas 9January.


🔷 Jyotiprashad Agarwala Silpi Samman:
• Honoured to eminent musician Ramen Choudhury on the occasion of Silpi Diwas.


🔷 Indian Army Day (15January)
• India celebrates Army Day on January 15 every year to commemorate the achievements of the first Indian Commander in Chief of the Indian Army —General (later Field Marshal) K.M. Cariappa.


🔷 Pakke Hornbill Festival:
• The Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival (PPHF) has begun in, Arunachal Pradesh, emphasizing the conservation of hornbills.

🔺Pakke Tiger Reserve
*In Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.
*It is also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve.
*It falls within the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot.


🔷Atal Bhujal Yojana:
•The major objective of the Scheme is to improve the management of groundwater resources in select water stressed areas in identified states.


🔷Khelo India games 2023:
• Tamil Nadu is hosting the sixth edition of the
Khelo India Youth Games.
• Silambam, a traditional sport of Tamil Nadu, is being introduced as a demo sport for the firsttime in the history of Khelo India Youth Games
• The Mascot: 'Veera Mangai'.


🔷 India’s First Dark Sky Park:
• The Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra has
been designated as India's first Dark Sky Park and the fifth in Asia, protecting the night sky and preventing light pollution.

• Ladakh will be first Dark Sky reserve from India.


🔷Arambai Tenggol:
• Arambai Tenggol started in 2020 as a cultural outfit, but soon transformed into aradical organisation.

• The group is suspected to be involved in a large number of Meitei-Kuki clashes, which broke out in May 2023.

• Almost all the Meitei MLAs as well as Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha MPs representing valley areas of Manipur were at Kangla Fort of Imphal to meet the leaders of radical Meitei group Arambai Tenggol.

🔷 Multidimensional Poverty Index:
•Recently, the NITI Aayog has released a
Discussion Paper titled-‘Multidimensional
Poverty in India since 2005-06’, stating that
24.82 crore people escaped Multidimensional Poverty in the last nine years.



🔷 ISRO launches XPoSat:
• XPoSat stands for X-ray Polarimeter Satellite

• XPoSat would serve as an space-based
observation platform to study X-Ray
polarization from bright cosmic sources,
enhancing our ability to understand the intricate
emission processes therefrom.

• Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) launched the PSLV-C58 X-
ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) mission.

• It is the first dedicated scientific satellite from
ISRO to carry out research in space-polarisation
measurements of X-ray emission from celestial
sources.



🔷 Aditya L1 mission sucessful-
• L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of 5 points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system.
• After a journey of 127 days, the Aditya-L1
spacecraft, India’s first solar mission, will enter the final orbit today afternoon, its desired destination from where it will make observations of the Sun for the next five years.


🔷 PRITHVI scheme:
• The Union Cabinet has approved the
“PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI)” scheme.
• It is a comprehensive scheme that will
address all five components of the Earth
system (atmosphere, hydrosphere,
geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere).

📍Objectives of PRITHVI scheme
• Atmosphere Observation
• Hazard Prediction
• Polar Exploration
• Resource Harnessing
• Knowledge Translation



🔷 Japan -5th country to land on Moon:
• The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(JAXA) said its Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) landed the moon's surface.

• With SLIM’s successful precision landing
Japan has become 5th country in the world
to achieve this feat.

🔺5 Countries to land on Moon-
1. United States.
2. Soviet Union (Russia).
3. China.
4. India.
5. Japan.


🔷 Solid State Battery:
• Toyota, the world’s largest carmaker by vehicles sold, had announced a “breakthrough” in solid state battery materials late last year and had said it plans to mass-produce solid-state batteries by 2027 or 2028.


🔷 Warmest year 2023-
• As per the Europe’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), 2023 was the warmest year since records began in 1850, beating the previous record of 2016.


🔷 Davos meeting 2024:
• This year’s edition of the World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting was held from January 15 to January 19.
• One of the key takeaways from the Forum
meeting was the announcement of the launch
of a Global Good Alliance for Gender Equity
and Equality with the support and endorsement by WEF and Government of India.

Here are the five main takeaways (with a special mention of India).
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. War and uncertainty
3. Climate
4. China's economy
5. WEF on India


🔷 Great Indian Bustard:
• GIB is critically threatened species in IUCN
Red list with less than 150 birds left in the wild.
• This bird is among the heaviest of the flying
birds.
🔺State bird of Rajsthan.
• Their population is confined mostly to
Rajasthan,Gujarat,Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
• The Supreme Court recently directed the Centre to come clean on its plans to save the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard



🔷 Black Tigers or Melanistic Tigers-
• The Odisha government announced plans to start a melanistic tiger safari near Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR).


🔷 GI Tag to 7 products from Odisha ♨️♨️

These products are-
1. Kapdaganda Shawl
2. Lanjia Saura Painting (Idital)
3. Koraput Kala Jeera Rice
4. Similipal Kai Chutney
5. Nayagarh Brinjal
6. Khajuri Guda
7. Dhenkanal Magji(cheese based sweet)



🔷 Ram temple style: Nagara (comlpex of the Temple)




♨️♨️ ASSAM RELATED-

🔷 Mission Basundhara:
• Launched on 2nd October 2021.

*🔆JANUARY 2024 CURRENT AFFAIRS🔆*


🔷 Abu Dhabi’s First Hindu Temple-
• The temple’s design draws inspiration from Vedicarchitecture and sculptures.
• Full Form: Bochasanwasi Shri AksharbPurushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS).

🔷 PRITHVI VIGYAN Scheme-
• Inagurated by- Narendra Modi.
• Budget- 4800 crore.
• The PRITHVI scheme aims to revolutionize our understanding and interaction with various Earth systems.

🔷 PM Modi Inaugurates ₹1,156 Crore Projects in Lakshadweep for Tourisim Promte.

🔷 EAM S. Jaishankar Boosts India-Nepal Relations in Two-Day visit.
• The 7th India-Nepal Joint Commission meeting resulted in a significant pact: India will import 10,000 MW of hydroelectricity from Nepal over the next decade.

🔷 Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Announced the National Sports Awards 2023

🔷 Top Global Passport Ranking 2024-
1. France.
2. Germany.
3. Italy.
4. Japan.
5. Singapore.
6. Spain.


🔷 Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023-
📍Indore & Surat.

🔷 Emmys Awards 2024-
• The Emmy Awards 2024 ceremony showcased the best and brightest in television.

🔷 Military Rankings 2024-
1. USA
2. Russia
3. China
4. India
5. S. Korea
6. UK

🔷 FIFA Football Awards 2024.
• Men’s Player of the Year: Lionel Messi
• Women’s Player of the Year: Aitana Bonmat(Spain)


🔷 Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2024-
• Total=19 children.

🔷 Ram Mandir,Ayodhya was inagurated-
• Date22 January,2024)
• Inagurated by- Narendra Modi.
• Location- Ayodhya (UP).


🔷 ICC Awards 2023 has been announced.

1. ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year 2023: Pat Cummins(AUS)
2. ICC Women’s ODI Cricket ofthe Year 2023: Chamari Athapaththu (Sri Lanka)
3. ICC Men’s ODI Cricketer ofthe Year 2023: Virat Kohli (IND).
4. ICC Men’s T20I Cricketer ofthe Year 2023: Suryakumar Yadav (IND).
5. ICC Men’s Test Cricketer ofthe Year 2023: Usman Khawja (AUS).
6. ICC Men’s Emerging Cricketer ofthe Year 2023: Rachin Ravindra (NZ)


🔷 Republic Day 2024
• Theme: “Viksit Bharat” (Developed
India) and “Bharat – Loktantra ki Matruka” (India – Mother of Democracy),
• Chief Guest: Emmanuel Macron. (President, France).


🔷 Padma Awards 2024:
• Padma Vibhushan-7
• Padma Bhusan-17
• Padma Shri,-110
• Total-132
•
🔺Padma Shri (Assam): 3
1. Parbati Baruah. (Lady elephant mout)
2. Sarbeswar Basumatari. (Organic Agriculture, Chirang)
3. Drona Bhuyan (Ojapali)


🔷 69th Filmfare Awards 2024-
📍 Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Best Movie- 12th Fail.
• Best actor- Ranbir Singh (Animal)
• Best actress- Alia Bhatt.


🔷 Goverment appointed 4 key Members of the 16th Finance Commission.-
•Chairman: Shri Arvind Panagariya.


🔷 Swachh Survekshan 2023:
• Aim: Cleanliness urban survey.
• Edition: 18th edition.
• Theme: Reduce, reuse and recycle.
• Conducted by: Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs (MoHUA).


🔷 Assam to introduce UCC (Uniform Civil Code):
•It is the proposal of displacement of personal
laws based on scriptures and custom of each of the major religions with the common set of laws governing every citizens. (Article 44,DPSP).


🔷 Painting of Ram in Indian constitution.
• Part III- Fundamental Rights
• Famous artist Nandalal Bose of Santiniketan
was authorised to oversee the artworks.


🔷 Bharat Ratna award to Karpuri Thakur.
• Karpuri Thakur: 2times CM from Bihar.


🔷 Iran Pakistan conflict


🔷 Turkey allowed Sweden’s NATO membership:
•Sweden set to become the 32nd member of the NATO Alliance in the coming weeks subject to approval by Hungary.


🔷 India’s Longest Sea Bridge-
📍 Mumbai,Maharasta
• Inaugurate by- Narendra Modi.
• Length- 22 km

• Officially the bridge will be known as the Atal
Setu Nhava Sheva Sea Link.



🔷 Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana-
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday
(January 22) announced the ‘Pradhan Mantri
Suryodaya Yojana’, a government scheme
under which one crore households will get
rooftop solar power systems.

🔰List of Waterfalls in India
⚡ PART - 2

📍 IMPORTANT POINTS

◾️India’s tallest waterfall and second highest in Asia.
Kunchikal Waterfalls - 1,493 ft
Shimoga district of Karnataka
Produced by the Varahi river.

◾️"The Niagara of India"
Athirapally Waterfalls
Kerala’s Thrissur district
Produced by Chalakudy River

◾️Tallest Plunge waterfall in India
Nohkalikai Falls - Its height is 1115 feet (340 metres)
Located in the Indian state of Meghalaya, near Cherapunji

◾️ The second-highest plunge waterfall in India
Jog Falls.
On the Sharavathi River
In the Western Ghats of Karnataka in Shivamogga District

◾️Dudhsagar Falls, also known as the “Sea of Milk,” is a cascade formed by the Mandovi River.

◾️Mawsmai Falls, also referred to as the Seven Sisters Waterfalls or Nohsngithiang Falls

◾️Agumbe In Karnataka Is Known As The ‘Cherrapunji Of The South’

◾️Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand is known as the city of waterfalls in India.

◾️The Indian state of Karnataka has more waterfalls than any other state.
Karnataka has 544 waterfalls
Maharashtra comes second with 364 waterfalls.
Kerala comes third with 319 waterfalls
Tamilnadu takes the fourth place with 296 waterfalls.

*✍️प्रमुख उपकरण एवं उनके कार्य/ Major instruments and their functions*

*Q_1. बैरोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Barometer is used?*
*Ans.* वायुमंडलीय दाब की माप | Measurement of atmospheric pressure

*Q_2. स्टेथेस्कोप का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Stethoscope is used?*
*Ans.* हृदय और फेफड़े की गति सुनने | To listen to the heartbeat and lungs

*Q_3. कार्डियोग्राम का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Cardiogram is used?*
*Ans.* हृदय की विद्युत गतिविधि की माप | Measurement of heart's electrical activity

*Q_4. हाइड्रोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Hydrometer is used?*
*Ans.* द्रव का आपेक्षित घनत्व मापने के लिए | Measurement of relative density of liquids

*Q_5. मैनोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Manometer is used?*
*Ans.* द्रवों और गैसों के दबाव की माप | Measurement of pressure of liquids and gases

*Q_6. रेनगेज का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Rain gauge is used?*
*Ans.* वर्षा का मापक | Measurement of rainfall


*Q_7. रिक्टर स्केल का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Richter scale is used?*
*Ans.* भूकम्प की तीव्रता की माप | Measurement of earthquake intensity

*Q_8. फैदोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Fathometer is used?*
*Ans.* समुद्र की गहराई का मापक | Measurement of sea depth

*Q_9. एनीमोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Anemometer is used?*
*Ans.* हवा की शक्ति तथा गति की माप | Measurement of wind force and speed

*Q_10. हाइग्रोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Hygrometer is used?*
*Ans.* वायुमंडल की आर्द्रता की माप | Measurement of atmospheric humidity

*Q_11. सिस्मोग्राफ का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Seismograph is used?*
*Ans.* भूकम्प मापी यंत्र | Instrument for measuring earthquakes

*Q_12. सेक्सटेन्ट का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Sextant is used?*
*Ans.* दो वस्तुओं के कोणीय दूरी की माप | Measurement of angular distance between two objects

*Q_13. Odometer का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Odometer is used?*
*Ans.* पहियों द्वारा तय की गई दूरी | Measurement of distance traveled by a vehicle

*Q_14. क्रेस्कोग्राफ का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Crescograph is used?*
*Ans.* पौधों की वृद्धि की माप | Measurement of plant growth

*Q_15. टेकोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Tachometer is used?*
*Ans.* वायुयान की गति मापने में | Measurement of aircraft speed

*Q_16. स्फिग्मोमैनोमीटर का प्रयोग किया जाता है? / Sphygmomanometer is used?*
*Ans.* रक्त दाब का मापक | Measurement of blood pressure

*✍️महत्त्वपूर्ण आविष्कार एवं आविष्कारक/ Important Inventions and Inventors*

*Q_1. इलेक्ट्रॉन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the electron?*
*Ans.* J.J. Thomson | जे. जे. थॉमसन

*Q_2. प्रोटोन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the proton?*
*Ans.* Goldstein | गोल्डस्टीन

*Q_3. न्यूट्रॉन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the neutron?*
*Ans.* James Chadwick | जेम्स चैडविक

*Q_4. नाभिक की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the nucleus?*
*Ans.* Rutherford | रदरफोर्ड

*Q_5. डायनेमो की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the dynamo?*
*Ans.* Michael Faraday | माइकल फैराडे

*Q_6. परमाणु सिद्धांत की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the atomic theory?*
*Ans.* John Dalton | जॉन डाल्टन

*Q_7. रेडियोधर्मिता की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered radioactivity?*
*Ans.* Henri Becquerel | हेनरी बेक्वेरेल

*Q_8. रेडियम की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered radium?*
*Ans.* Madame Curie | मैडम क्यूरी


*Q_9. डायनामाइट की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered dynamite?*
*Ans.* Alfred Nobel | अल्फ्रेड नोबेल

*Q_10. pH स्केल की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the pH scale?*
*Ans.* S.P. Sørensen | एस. पी. सोरेन्सन

*Q_11. हाइड्रोजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered hydrogen?*
*Ans.* Henry Cavendish | हैनरी केवेंडिश

*Q_12. नाइट्रोजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered nitrogen?*
*Ans.* Rutherford | रदरफोर्ड

*Q_13. ऑक्सीजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered oxygen?*
*Ans.* Scheele and Priestley | शीले और प्रीस्टले

*Q_14. अक्रिय गैस आर्गन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the inert gas argon?*
*Ans.* Ramsay and Rayleigh | रैमजे और रैले

*Q_15. थोरियम की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered thorium?*
*Ans.* Berzelius | बर्जीलियस

*Q_16. टेलीविजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered television?*
*Ans.* J.L. Baird | जे. एल. बेयर्ड

*Q_17. बैरोमीटर की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the barometer?*
*Ans.* Torricelli | टेरिसेली

*Q_18. रेल इंजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the railway engine?*
*Ans.* George Stephenson | जॉर्ज स्टीफेंसन

*Q_19. ग्रामोफोन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the gramophone?*
*Ans.* Edison | एडिसन

*Q_20. दूरबीन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the telescope?*
*Ans.* Galileo | गैलीलियो

*Q_21. भाप इंजन की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered the steam engine?*
*Ans.* James Watt | जेम्स वाट


*Q_22. विद्युत् चुम्बकीय प्रेरण की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered electromagnetic induction?*
*Ans.* Faraday | फैराडे

*Q_23. एक्स किरण की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered X-rays?*
*Ans.* Röntgen | रोंटेजन

*Q_24. लघुगणक की खोज किसने की?/Who discovered logarithms?*
*Ans.* John Napier | जॉन नेपियर

❇️ First in India: Male personality
Part-01

🔺 First President of the Republic of India
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad

▪️ First Prime Minister of independent India
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

🔺 First Indian to win Nobel
- Rabindranath Tagore

▪️ First President of Indian National Congress
- WC Banerjee

🔺 First Muslim President of Indian National Congress
- Badruddin Tyabji

▪️ First Muslim President of India
- Dr. Zakir Hossain

🔺 First British Governor General of India
- Lord William Bentinck

▪️ First British Viceroy of India
- Lord Canning

🔺 First Governor General of independent India
- Lord Mountbatten

▪️ First and last Indian to be Governor General of independent India
- C. Rajagopalachari

*वायु सेना (Air Force)*

*1. दक्षिणी मुख्यालय / Southern Headquarters*
*Ans.* तिरुवनंतपुरम, केरल | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

*2. पश्चिमी मुख्यालय / Western Headquarters*
*Ans.* सुब्रतो पार्क, नई दिल्ली | Subroto Park, New Delhi

*3. पूर्वी मुख्यालय / Eastern Headquarters*
*Ans.* शिलांग, मेघालय | Shillong, Meghalaya

*4. दक्षिण-पश्चिम / south-west*
*Ans.* गाँधीनगर | Gandhinagar ( Gujarat)

*5. मध्य / Middle*
*Ans* इलाहाबाद/ Allahabad ( Up)

*6. रखरखाव कमांड / Maintenance Command*
*Ans.* नागपुर | Nagpur

*7. प्रशिक्षण / Training*
*Ans.* बंगलौर / bangalore ( karnataka)

*✍️कुछ महत्वपूर्ण कंप्यूटर से संबंधित शब्द संक्षेप /Some important computer related abbreviations*

*Part 2❤️*

*1. JMS:* Java Message Service


*2. JNI:* Java Native Interface


*3. JSON:* JavaScript Object Notation


*4. JSP:* JavaServer Pages


*5. Kb:* Kilobit


*6. KB:* Kilobyte


*7. Li-Fi:* Light Fidelity


*8. LCD:* Liquid Crystal Display


*9. MANET:* Mobile Ad-Hoc Network


*10. MB:* Megabyte


*11. NOS:* Network Operating System


*12. NTP:* Network Time Protocol


*13. OMR:* Optical Mark Recognition


*14. PSTN:* Public Switched Telephone Network


*15. PSPDN:* Packet Switched Public Data Network


*16. PING:* Packet Internet Groper


*17. PROM:* Programmable Read Only Memory


*18. QDR:* Quad Data Rate


*19. QFP:* Quoted For Permanence


*20. QoS:* Quality of Service


*21. ROM:* Read Only Memory


*22. RAM:* Random Access Memory


*23. RABMN:* Remote Area Business Message Network


*24. SAN:* Storage Area Network


*25. SAX:* Simple API for XML


*26. SBU:* Standard Build Unit


*27. SDL:* Simple DirectMedia Layer


*28. SDR:* Software-Defined Radio


*29. SQL:* Structured Query Language


*30. TCP:* Transmission Control Protocol


*31. UAC:* User Account Control


*32. URL:* Uniform Resource Locator


*33. URN:* Uniform Resource Name


*34. USB:* Universal Serial Bus


*35. VDU:* Visual Display Unit


*36. VBS:* Visual Basic Script


*37. VFS:* Virtual File System


*38. VGA:* Video Graphics Array


*39. VLAN:* Virtual Local Area Network


*40. VOD:* Video On Demand


*41. VPN:* Virtual Private Network


*42. WAFS:* Wide Area File Services


*43. Wi-Fi:* Wireless Fidelity


*44. WMA:* Windows Media Audio


*45. WOL:* Wake-on-LAN


*46. WOM:* Wake-on-Modem


*47. WPA:* Wi-Fi Protected Access


*48. WWAN:* Wireless Wide Area Network


*49. WWID:* World Wide Identifier


*50. WWW:* World Wide Web


*51. XMMS:* X Multimedia System


*52. XNS:* Xerox Network Services


*53. ZIFS:* Zero Insertion Force Socket


*54. ZISC:* Zero Instruction Set Computer


*55. ZMA:* Zone Multicast Address