UPSC POLITY NOTES 2025


Channel's geo and language: India, English
Category: Politics


This channel is created with an aim to provide Short notes of Polity for UPSC CSE.
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919

#Historicalbackground

◇ It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects.

◇ The central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government continued to be centralised and unitary.

◇ It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts– transferred and reserved.

◇ The transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor with the aid of Ministers responsible to the legislative council. The reserved subjects, were to be administered by the Governor and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council. This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy'.

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INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909 [PART 2]

#Historicalbackground

◇ It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive councils of the Viceroy and Governors.

Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s executive council. He was appointed as the Law Member.

◇ It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’.

◇ Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalised communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.

◇ It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.

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INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909 [PART 1]

#Historicalbackground

This Act is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India).

The features of this Act were as follows :-

◇ It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central legislative council was raised from 16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not uniform.

◇ It retained official majority in the Central legislative council, but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non official majority.

◇ It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget and so on.

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INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892

#Historicalbackground

◇ It increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them.

◇ It increased the functions of legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the executive.

◇ It provided for the nomination of some non-official members of the :-

• Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the recommendation of the provincial legislative councils and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and

• that of the provincial legislative councils by the Governors on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamin-dars and chambers.

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INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861

#Historicalbackground

◇ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process.

◇ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao.

It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency.

It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab.

◇ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.

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