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🔆 BRS Received Over 70% of All Donations Made to Regional Parties in 2022-23: ADR

✅ Key Points
The Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) received over 70% of all donations made to regional political parties in 2022-23, amounting to ₹154 crore.
Regional parties received a total of ₹217 crore through 2,119 donations in FY 2022-23.

📍 Key Events
Section 29C (1) of the Representation of People’s Act, 1951: Political parties are required to submit donation details of over ₹20,000 to the Election Commission.


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🔆Project Veer Gatha

✅The fourth edition of Project ‘Veer Gatha 4.0’, as part of Republic Day celebrations has garnered an incredible nationwide response.
✅It was launched in 2021 as part of ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’ to commemorate India’s 75th year of Independence.
✅The project aims to raise awareness of Gallantry awardees’ acts of bravery and the life stories of these heroes.
✅The initiative helps instill patriotism and civic values in students.
✅The journey of Project Veer Gatha from Edition 1 to Edition 4 has been inspiring, expanding the reach of the competition across the length and breadth of the country.
✅It is a joint initiative by the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Education.
✅The theme for this year's republic day celebrations, 'Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas,' reflects India’s journey of progress while honouring its deep-rooted cultural legacy.

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🔆 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)

✅ Pravasi Bharatiya Divas celebrates the contributions of the Indian diaspora and strengthens India’s global standing.
✅ Commemorates Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India on January 9, 1915.
✅ Launched in 2003 under PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
✅ Biennial event since 2015, organized by the Ministry of External Affairs.

📍 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2025)
✅ Theme :"Diaspora's Contribution to a Viksit Bharat (Developed India)."
✅ Dates: January 8-10, 2025.
✅ Venue: Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
✅ Exhibitions showcasing:
🔸 Vishwaroop Ram – Legacy of the Ramayana.
🔸 Diaspora’s technological contributions.
🔸 Evolution of the Indian diaspora (Mandvi to Muscat).
🔸 Odisha’s heritage and cultural traditions.

📍 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA)
✅ Prestigious honor for NRIs, PIOs, or organizations run by them.
✅ Fields of Recognition : Education, science, trade, arts, social work, and philanthropy.

📍Key Themes and Discussions

Plenary Sessions (2025)
✅ Diaspora Youth Leadership.
✅ Migrant Skills: Building bridges and breaking barriers.
✅ Contributions to Sustainable Development.
✅ Women’s Leadership and Nari Shakti.
✅ Cultural Connections and belonging.

🔆 Impact and Economic Significance
📍 Role of PBD
✅ Encourages diaspora contributions to India's growth.
✅ Strengthens connections between India and overseas Indians.
📍 Economic Contribution
✅ Promotes knowledge-sharing in technology, culture, and education.
✅ Helps sustain local economies and India’s global presence.

Challenges and Concerns
📍 Engagement Barriers
✅ Need for better communication channels between diaspora and government.
✅ Addressing issues like visa processing and investment support.
📍 Sustainability Issues
✅ Calls for responsible use of resources and protection of cultural heritage.
📍 Infrastructure Needs
✅ Enhanced digital and physical connectivity for global participation.

Conclusion
📍 Potential Benefits
✅ Strengthens India's global ties with its diaspora.
✅ Helps leverage overseas expertise for national development.
📍 Cautions
✅ Emphasis on sustainable and inclusive progress.
✅ Strategic planning to overcome logistical and engagement challenges.


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🔆 Women in the 2024 Lok Sabha Elections

📍 Historic Participation :
✅ A record-breaking 800 women candidates participated in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the highest since 1957.
✅ Out of 543 constituencies, 390 had women candidates, leaving only 152 constituencies without female representation – the lowest ever.

📍 Participation Over the Years
✅ 2019: The number of women candidates stood at 726.
✅ 2009: There were 332 women candidates.
✅ 1957: Merely 45 women contested the elections.

📍 Voter Turnout
✅ 65.78% of women voters participated in the 2024 elections, showing a slight increase from 65.55% in 2019.
✅ For the second consecutive time, women recorded higher voter turnout than men.

Notable Constituencies


✅ Top Constituencies for Women Candidates : Baramati, Secunderabad, and Warangal led the list, each fielding 8 women candidates.
✅ States with Zero Female Representation: 30 constituencies in Uttar Pradesh reported no women candidates, followed by Bihar (15) and Gujarat (14).

✅ Victories by Women : 74 women candidates emerged victorious in 2024, reflecting an increase compared to 2019.
✅ Forfeited Deposits : 629 women candidates lost their deposits in the elections.

📍Key Trends and Observations

✅Growth in Women’s Participation : Women’s involvement in elections has been steadily increasing since the 1980s, marking progress toward gender balance in electoral representation.
✅ Women as Voters : Female voter registration climbed to 47.63% of the total electorate in 2024.
✅ Dhubri constituency in Assam witnessed the highest women voter turnout at 92.17%.

✅ Ongoing Challenges :Despite progress, the low success rate and absence of representation in some constituencies underscore the need for sustained efforts toward achieving gender equality in Indian politics.

#UPSCPrelims2025 #UPSCMains2025 #GS2 #WomenEmpowerment #IndianPolity #GenderEquality #ElectoralReforms #SocialIssues


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🔆India's fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4)

✅According to India's fourth Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), India's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have decreased by 7.93% from 2019 to 2020. The report also states that India's total national emissions have decreased by 98.34% since 1994. 

📍other findings from the report:

✅India's average rate of emission reduction increased to 3% annually from 2016 to 2019
✅India's GDP emission intensity has reduced by 36% between 2005 and 2020. 
✅India's carbon emissions per capita are the lowest in the world, averaging one-quarter of the global average. 
✅The UNFCCC requires India to reduce emissions intensity by 45% from the 2005 level by 2030. 
✅Developing countries like India submit Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to the UNFCCC every two years. These reports provide updates on greenhouse gas emissions, progress on climate actions, and needs for support.

Unfccc
1994
Bonn
1995 cop 1 Berlin
2024 Cop29 baku Azerbaijan

Cop8 delhi
Cop21 paris
Cop27 ezypt
Cop28 UAE
Cop 30 Brazil

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🔆KM3NeT project

✅To detect high-energy neutrinos, scientists have deployed underwater telescopes like the Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT) in the Mediterranean Sea offering unique advantages over land-based and ice-bound observatories such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.

📍Neutrinos
✅Neutrinos often called ghost particles are elusive subatomic particles that interact weakly with matter.
✅Neutrinos are fundamental subatomic particles similar to electrons but without any electric charge.
Second only to photons, neutrinos are incredibly abundant

✅Neutrinos interact weakly making them extremely hard to detect.
✅Despite their abundance, interactions with matter are rare — only one neutrino interacts with a human body during a lifetime.

Advantages
Water scatters light less than ice improving the precision of neutrino origin tracing.
The Mediterranean Sea provides vast volumes of clear, dark water for observation.

Challenges
Water absorbs light more than ice reducing the amount of Cherenkov radiation available for analysis.

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🔆 Key Facts on the Indus Script: Unraveling an Ancient Mystery

📍 Overview of the Writing System:
✅ The Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE) developed an advanced writing system primarily seen on seals and pottery.
✅ Over 3,500 artifacts featuring 676 distinct symbols have been discovered, highlighting the complexity of this ancient culture.

📍 Challenges in Decipherment:
✅ No Rosetta Stone: The absence of a bilingual text like the Rosetta Stone has hindered efforts to decode the script.
✅ Short Inscriptions: Most inscriptions average only five characters, providing limited context for interpretation.
✅ Purpose of the Script: Scholars are divided on its function—whether it represents a language or a symbolic system for trade and administration.
✅ Unknown Language: The language behind the script remains uncertain, with theories linking it to Dravidian languages, an unknown linguistic family, or even multiple languages.

📍 Key Scholarly Efforts:
✅ Finnish scholar Asko Parpola has conducted extensive research, exploring links between the Indus script and Dravidian languages.
✅ Modern approaches, including AI-based pattern recognition and computational linguistics, are being applied to analyze the script's structure and meaning.

📍 Importance of Deciphering the Script:
✅ Deciphering the script could unlock valuable insights into the culture, economy, and governance of the Indus Valley Civilization.
✅ It could reveal details about their social structure, belief systems, and linguistic connections to modern South Asia.

📍 Recent Developments:
✅ In 2024, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced a ₹8 crore (~$1 million) prize for anyone who can successfully decipher the script.
✅ This initiative underscores the global significance of decoding the Indus script and its potential to deepen understanding of India’s historical and linguistic heritage.

🔍 The Path Forward:
✅ The Indus script remains one of the greatest challenges in archaeology and linguistics.
✅ Advances in technology, AI, and interdisciplinary research bring hope that this ancient mystery will one day be solved.

#IndusScript #Ancient_History #GS1 #Archaeology #history #CulturalHeritage


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Didarganj Yakshini:
✅ The Didarganj Yakshini is one of the finest examples of very early Indian stone statues.
✅ It used to be dated to the 3rd century BCE, as it has the fine Mauryan polish associated with Mauryan art.
✅The figure is 64" tall, carved out of a single piece of stone.
✅The life-size standing image of a Yakshini holding a chauri (flywhisk) from Didargunj near modern Patna.
✅It is a tall, well-proportioned, free-standing sculpture in the round made in sandstone with a polished surface.
✅ The chauri is held in the right hand whereas the left hand is broken. The sculptor’s sensitivity towards the round muscular body is clearly visible.
✅The face has round, fleshy cheeks, while the neck is relatively small in proportion; eyes nose, lips are sharp.
✅The necklace beads are in full round, hanging to the belly.


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