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🔆Nitrogen-9 nucleu

✅Scientists discovered hints of the new isotope, called nitrogen-9, by smashing beams of oxygen isotopes into beryllium atoms in the U.S. National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory.


✅It is characterised by seven protons and two neutrons – which is an unusually high proton-to-neutron ratio.
✅This disparity has a critical effect on the isotope’s stability, influencing its decay processes as well as overall behaviour.
For one, the high proton content places nitrogen-9 atoms beyond the conventional stability thresholds.
✅Most nitrogen comes as the isotope nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons. But physicists say they have glimpsed a far more elusive variant with just two neutrons.
◾What are Isotopes?

✅These are atoms of a given element that vary only in the number of neutrons. This difference sets apart one isotope from another.
✅Many isotopes are also unstable, especially those whose atoms have too few neutrons for the number of protons.
✅Unstable isotopes are short-lived, and often decay by releasing some energy to achieve a more stable configuration.
◾What are nuclides?

✅It is an analogous table for atomic nuclei characterised by a unique combination of protons and neutrons.
✅A table or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph of isotopes of the elements.
✅One axis shows the number of neutrons (N) and the other shows the number of protons (Z) in each atomic nucleus.
✅Each point on the graph denotes a nuclide.

🔆RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY

✔️Hinduism:
✅Hinduism is the dominant religion in India, accounting for about 79.8% of the population.
✅Hinduism is an ancient religion that dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is characterised by a complex system of beliefs, rituals, and practices, and has many gods and goddesses. Hinduism is deeply ingrained in Indian culture and society.

✔️Islam:
✅Islam is the second-largest religion in India, accounting for about 14.2% of the population.
✅It was brought to India by Arab traders and merchants in the 7th century.
✅Islam has a rich history in India, and many Muslims have contributed significantly to Indian culture and society. The largest concentration of Muslims in India is in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

✔️Christianity:

✅Christianity is the third-largest religion in India, accounting for about 2.3% of the population.
✅It was introduced to India by European missionaries in the 16th century. Christianity has played a significant role in Indian history, and many Christians have contributed to Indian society in various ways.

✅ Sikhism: Sikhism is a relatively young religion that originated in Punjab in the 15th century. It is characterised by a belief in one God and the teachings of the ten Sikh gurus. Sikhism is the fourth-largest religion in India, accounting for about 1.7% of the population.

✅Buddhism: Buddhism is a major world religion that originated in India in the 6th century BC. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha. Today, Buddhism accounts for about 0.7% of the Indian population.

✅ Jainism: Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that emphasises non-violence and respect for all living beings.
🔸It is based on the teachings of Mahavira, who lived in the 6th century BC. Today, Jainism accounts for about 0.4% of the Indian population.

✅Other religions: There are also several other religions practised in India, including Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Baha'i Faith.
🔸India is home to the largest population of Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and Zoroastrians in the world.
🔸 India is also home to the second-largest population of Muslims in the world, after Indonesia.

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🔆 Food Processing Industries (FPIs)

✅The food processing industry is a broad term that encompasses the activities involved in transforming raw agricultural products into food products for human consumption.
✅These activities include cleaning, sorting, grading, cooking, preserving, packaging, and distributing food products.
FPIs accounts for about 12% of the country's GDP and employs about 40 million people.

Food processing supply chain Categories

✅ The upstream supply chain: This includes the farmers, suppliers, and processors who provide the raw materials for food processing.
✅ The midstream supply chain: This includes the food manufacturers, distributors, and retailers who transform and deliver food products to consumers.
✅ The downstream supply chain: This includes the consumers who purchase and consume food products.

Key elements

✅ Raw materials: The food processing supply chain starts with the production of raw materials, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products.
✅ Processing: The raw materials are then processed into food products, such as canned goods, frozen foods, and snacks.
✅ Packaging: The food products are then packaged for transportation and storage.
✅ Distribution: The food products are then distributed to retailers, who sell them to consumers.
✅ Retail: The consumers purchase the food products from retailers and consume them.

Challenges faced by the food processing industry

✅ Inadequate cold chain infrastructure: India has a cold storage capacity of only 37 million tons against an estimated requirement of 70-100 million tons.
✅ lkHigh post-harvest losses: India loses $13.4 billion worth of food grains annually due to inadequate storage and transport facilities.
✅ Fragmented farm produce: India's farm sector is fragmented with a large number of small and marginal farmers. This makes aggregation of farm produce challenging.
✅ Lack of automation: The food supply chain in India lacks adequate automation in sorting, grading and packaging of agricultural produce. This leads to manual handling and quality issues.
✅ Longer supply chains: Indian farmers generally have to sell to wholesalers who supply to processors, thereby leading to longer and inefficient supply chains.


✅ Create more integrated cold chain networks to link farms, processing units andbconsumers.
✅Promote modern supply chain technologies like RFID, blockchain for traceability and transparency.
✅ Adopt automated grading, sorting and packaging systems to maintain quality and hygiene.
✅ Set up more farm infra like collection centers, primary processing units to aggregata smallholder produce.
✅ Strengthen logistics infrastructure for quick transportation of perishables.
✅ Provide credit, tax incentives and subsidies for producers and processors to invest in supply chain improvement.

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🔆FAMILY AND KINSHIP

FAMILY :

✅The structure of the family can be studied both as a social institution in itself and also in its relationship to other social institutions of society.
✅ In itself a family can be defined as nuclear or extended. It can be male-headed or female- headed. The line of descent can be matrilineal or patrilineal.
✅ This internal structure of the family is usually related to other structures of society, namely
political, economic, cultural etc.
✅ The kind of changes that take place that not only have family structures changed, but cultural ideas, norms and values also change. These changes are however not so easy to bring about.

NUCLEAR AND EXTENDED FAMILY

✅ A nuclear family consists of only one set of parents and their children.
✅ An extended family (commonly known as the ‘joint family’) can take different forms, but has more than one couple, and often more than two generations, living together.
✅The extended family often is seen as symptomatic of India. Yet this is by no means the dominant form now or earlier. It was confined to certain sections and certain regions of the community.

THE DIVERSE FORMS OF THE FAMILY :

With regard to the rule of residence, some societies are matrilocal in their marriage
and family customs while others are patrilocal.

🔸Matrilocal family :

✅ The newly married couple stays with the woman’s parents,
✅ With regard to the rules of inheritance, property passes from mother to daughter
✅ Matriarchy where the women play a similarly dominant role.
✅However, matriarchy – unlike patriarchy – has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept. There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
✅However, there do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs. Ex khasi matrilineal

🔸Patrilocal family :

✅ The couple lives with the man’s parents.
✅ With regard to the rules of inheritance, property passes from father to son
✅A patriarchal family structure exists where the men exercise authority and dominance.

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🔆 Women in Judiciary Matters

✅ In a recent speech, the erstwhile Chief Justice of India N.V. Ramana said the appointment of women judges should not be reduced to a mere “symbolic gesture”.
✅ The CJI said the court would definitely benefit from the rich experience and nuanced understanding of the law women judges bring to the table.
✅ The Judiciary acts as a protector of rights of the citizens guaranteed by the law of the land and the constitution.
✅ The court can declare any law which transgresses a fundamental right as invalid.
✅ In India the judiciary has the power to issue writs in the name of habeas corpus, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and certiorari.

▪️Present scenario in India:
✅ Justice B.V. Nagarathna expected to be India’s first woman Chief Justice of India in September 2027. 
✅ Justice Fathima Beevi, who was appointed as the first woman Supreme Court judge in October 1989 nearly six months after her retirement from the Kerala High Court, and Justice Indu Malhotra, who was the first woman advocate be directly elevating as Supreme Court judge, individually creating history.
✅ But their time on the Apex Court Bench was less than three years.
✅ Justices Ranjana P. Desai and Gyan Sudha Misra were Apex Court judges for less than four years before retiring. 
✅ Justices Hima Kohli and Bela M. Trivedi would also spend less than four years in the top court.
✅ Justices Kohli, Trivedi and Nagarathna’s entry marked the first time three women judges were appointed at the same time in the Supreme Court.
✅ Their presence along with that of Justice Indira Banerjee is the first time the Supreme Court has four serving women judges

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