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Recent Appointments:

Ajay Bhalla, former Union Home Secretary, has been appointed as the Governor of Manipur.

General V.K. Singh (Retd.), a former Union Minister, has been appointed as the Governor of Mizoram.

Arif Mohammed Khan has been transferred from Kerala to Bihar, with Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar, the incumbent Bihar Governor, appointed as the new Kerala Governor.

Hari Babu Kambhampati, the Governor of Mizoram, has been appointed as the Governor of Odisha.

🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.

📍Chirala-Perala Movement :

✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana

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🔆unity in diversity in india
📍 factors that are responsible for unity-
✅social factors -
🔺 religious coexistence
🔺shared historical narrative
🔺fairs and festivals
✅ constitutional factors-
🔺single constitution
🔺 federalism
🔺 secularism
✅ economic factors -
🔺 economic integration
🔺 Inter state mobility
🔺 inter independence
✅ institutional mechanism -
🔺inter state council
🔺national integration council
🔺ek Bharat shreshta Bharat
🔺universal schemes
✅threat to diversity -
❗️ regionalism .
❗️divide politics
❗️economic unequality
❗️ religious and ethnic conflict
❗️cultural homogeneity
❗️ unequal development
✅way forward-
🔸balanced regional growth
🔸harmony and brotherhood
🔸equal representation
🔸promote nationalism and patriotism
🔸federal cooperation
🔸 acceptance of religious diversity
🔸improved connectivity
🔸socio economic equality
🔸right use of media

#gs1
#society
#mains

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🔆Climate Footprint of Space Exploration

📍Why in News?
✅Space exploration is expanding rapidly, but its environmental impact from rocket emissions to satellite debris is largely ignored by global sustainability frameworks like the Paris Agreement. Urgent action is needed to address these growing concerns.

📍How are Space Activities Affecting the Environment?

✅Rocket Emissions: Rocket launches emit carbon dioxide (CO₂), black carbon, and water vapor. Black carbon absorbs sunlight 500 times more effectively than CO₂, exacerbating global warming.
✅Additionally, chlorine-based rocket propellants deplete the ozone layer, increasing ultraviolet (UV) exposure and disrupting atmospheric circulation.
✅Space Debris: As of September 2024, 19,590 satellites have been launched, with 13,230 still in orbit, of which 10,200 are operational.
✅The total mass of space objects exceeds 13,000 tonnes, contributing to pollution by Space Debris due to overcrowding in low Earth orbit (LEO).
✅Non-functional satellites and debris from collisions add to the growing problem of space junk and making space increasingly inaccessible.
✅This debris can disrupt radio waves and sensor accuracy, affecting critical systems for disaster tracking, climate monitoring, and communication.
✅Satellite Manufacturing: The production of satellites involves energy-intensive processes that contribute significantly to their carbon footprint, particularly through the use of metals and composites.
✅Satellite propulsion systems also release additional emissions during orbital adjustments. Furthermore, satellites burn up during re-entry, releasing metallic "satellite ash" that could alter atmospheric dynamics and harm the climate.
✅Emerging Threats: Space mining, although not yet operational, poses a potential threat to both Earth and space environments.
✅Increased industrial activity in orbit could intensify environmental impacts, compounding the challenges posed by current space operations.

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#prelims
#environment

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