CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care:
✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units.
✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels.
✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work.
✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence.
✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

🔆India’s Energy Goals:
✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems.
✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro).
✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements.
✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries.
✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

🔆 Key Takeaways from the article 'A people still waiting to move out of the margins'

📍 Transgender individuals face systemic discrimination
✅ Despite legal protections like the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019.

📍 Barriers exist in education, employment, and healthcare
✅ Due to social stigma, economic exclusion, and workplace biases.

📍 Legal recognition remains weak
✅ As of December 2023, only 15,800 identity certificates were issued out of 24,115 applications, highlighting bureaucratic delays.

📍 Financial discrimination hinders economic empowerment
✅ Workplace biases, lack of gender-neutral facilities, and hiring discrimination contribute to a high transgender unemployment rate of 48%.

📍 Hurdles in education and healthcare
✅ The transgender literacy rate in India is only 56.1%, with many dropping out due to bullying and harassment. Healthcare remains inadequate due to financial barriers and lack of trained professionals.

📍 Steps to help mainstream transgender individuals
✅ Inclusive policies in workplaces, targeted financial programs, gender sensitization in schools and workplaces, and positive media representation are essential.

📍 Cultural events like Tamil Nadu’s Koovagam Festival
✅ Play a role in promoting transgender acceptance.

📍 True equality requires
✅ Policy enforcement, anti-discrimination laws, and greater public awareness to dismantle biases.

#society

✅Canonical texts - Directly linked to Buddha's life. e.g, Tripitaka.
✅Non - canonical texts - Not linked directly to the Buddha, but commentaries, observations on canonical texts, historical information and other writings in different languages, e.g., Jataka tales.

Canonical texts
✅Tripitaka
✅Sutta pitaka - Buddha's teachings.

(Nikaya - Digha, Majjima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khudaka)

✅Vinaya Pitaka - Rules and regulations for those who joined the sangha or monastic order (Suttavibhaga, Khandhaka, Parivara)
✅Abhidhamma Pitaka - deals with Philosophic matters.

(Dhamma-sangani, Vibhanga, Dhatu-katha, Puggala-pannatti, Katha-vatthu, Yamaka, Patthana)

✅Non - canonical texts
Milinda Panho - A dialouge between Indo-Greek King Milinda and Buddhist Monk Nagasena, in Pali Language.
✅Nettipakarana - Guidance book.
✅Visuddhimagga - The Path to Purity by Buddhaghosa
✅Nidanakatta - First connected life story of Buddha
✅Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa - Discriptions of Buddha's life (historical cum mythological account)
✅Mahavastu - Biography of Buddha (in mixed Sanskrit and Prakrit language)

🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🔆 Harappan Sites

📍 Harappa
✅ Explored by: Dayaram Sahani in 1921-1923
✅ Location and Facts: On the bank of river Ravi, important finding includes human statute and bullock cart. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetery-37 have been excavated here.

📍 Mohenjodaro
✅ Explored by: Rakaldas Banerji in 1922
✅ Location and Facts: On the Bank of river Indus, the important findings are great bath and granary. Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto Shiva) seal and fragment of woven cotton have been excavated.

📍 Chanudaro
✅ Explored by: Gopal Majumdar in 1931
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the only Indus Site with no Citadel. Bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas and a small pot suggesting a kink well have been excavated. The important findings are bead makers shop.

📍 Lothal
✅ Explored by: Ranganath Rao in 1954
✅ Location and Facts: In Gujarat on the Bhogva river, an important finding is, it was the first man-made port. City was divided into Citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice has been found here.

📍 Kalibanga (Black Bangles), Rajasthan
✅ Explored by: BB Lal in 1961
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Ghaggar. Evidence of ploughed field, wooden furrow, seven fire-altars, bones of camel and two types of burials (Circular grave and rectangular grave) have been found.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1967-68
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat. Evidence of unique water management system, Harappan inscription and stadium has been found here.

📍 Surkotada (Gujarat)
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1972
✅ Location and Facts: Situated between the rivers Sabarmati and the Bhogavo. Evidence of horse, oval grave and pit burial has been found here.

📍 Banawali (Haryana)
✅ Explored by: RS Bisht in 1973
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and barley with good quality has been found here.

#history