Telegram channel "Nursing Exams 2025" — @NursingExam2025

Nursing Exams 2025

18 Feb, 22:29

🚨📢 महत्वपूर्ण सूचना - सभी विद्यार्थियों के लिए 📢 🚨

प्रिय विद्यार्थियों,

हम आपसे अनुरोध करते हैं कि पेपर खरीदने या बेचने जैसे अवैध कार्यों से दूर रहें। ऐसा करना गंभीर अपराध है, जिससे आपका भविष्य और करियर बर्बाद हो सकता है।

📌 हमारे सभी चैनल/ग्रुप केवल शिक्षा और परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए हैं।
📌 हम किसी भी प्रकार की पेपर बिक्री या लीक जैसी गतिविधियों का समर्थन नहीं करते।
📌 यदि कोई व्यक्ति आपको पेपर बेचने या खरीदने की पेशकश करता है, तो तुरंत उससे दूर रहें और सतर्क रहें।

👉 हम हमेशा आपको सचेत करते आए हैं कि ऐसे लोगों से बचें जो पेपर बेचने के नाम पर अपराध कर रहे हैं।
👉 अपनी पढ़ाई पर ध्यान दें और अपने उज्ज्वल भविष्य के लिए सही रास्ता चुनें।

⚠️ ध्यान दें: अगर किसी भी व्यक्ति को इस तरह की गतिविधियों में शामिल पाया जाता है, तो कानूनी कार्रवाई हो सकती है। कृपया खुद को और दूसरों को इस खतरे से बचाएं।

📢 Disclaimer:
यह चैनल केवल शैक्षिक उद्देश्य के लिए है। हम किसी भी अवैध गतिविधि (पेपर खरीद/बेचने) का समर्थन नहीं करते। यदि कोई व्यक्ति ऐसी गतिविधियों में शामिल पाया जाता है, तो उसे तुरंत ब्लॉक और रिपोर्ट किया जाएगा।

✍️ Board Exams Community – 📚

594 0 0 4

Nursing Exams 2025

11 Feb, 18:57

Vitamins and Their Deficiency Diseases

Vitamin A
deficiency diseases
️Night blindness, risk of infections, xerophthalmia

Vitamin – B1
️ Deficiency diseases
beri-beri

Vitamin – B2
deficiency diseases
Eruption of skin, reddening of eyes

Vitamin – B3
️ Deficiency diseases
itchy skin

Vitamin – B5
️ Deficiency diseases
graying of hair, retardation

Vitamin – B6
️ Deficiency diseases
anemia, skin disease

Vitamin – B7
deficiency diseases
️paralysis, body ache, hair fall

Vitamin – B11
️ Deficiency diseases
anemia, dysentery

Vitamin C
️ Deficiency diseases
anemia, pandurog

Vitamin – D
️ Deficiency diseases
Rickets, osteomalacia

Vitamin E
️ Deficiency diseases
decreased fertility

Vitamin K
️ Deficiency diseases
blood clotting

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

➭ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1.5k 0 11 3

Nursing Exams 2025

11 Feb, 18:21

हमने बड़ी मेहनत से आप लोगो के लिए Biology जीव-विज्ञान की Quiz बनाई हे, हमारी वेबसाइट से बायो की स्पेशल Quiz जरूर attend करे ! बहोत ही मजेदार और intresting Quiz हे जल्दी से attend कर लो!, https://bit.ly/3T5tTyI

🔎 Class 12th Biology Chapter Wise Objective Quiz in Hindi site:boardexamscommunity.in – Google Search

1.1k 0 1

Nursing Exams 2025

10 Feb, 18:55

Types of Viral Hepatitis

Type A Hepatitis (HAV), (infectious hepatitis)

•Is caused by an RNA virus of the enterovirus family.

•It spreads primarily by the fecal-oral route, usually through the ingestion of infected food or liquids.

•It may also spread from person-to-person contact and, rarely, by blood transfusion.

•Type A hepatitis occurs worldwide, especially in areas with overcrowding and poor sanitation.

Type B Hepatitis (HBW), (serum hepatitis)

•Is caused by a double-shelled virus containing DNA.

•It spreads primarily through blood (percutaneous and per mucosal route).

•It can also spread by way of saliva, breastfeeding, or sexual activity (blood, semen, saliva, or vaginal secretions.

•Male homosexuals are at high risk for infection.

•After acute infection, 10% of patients progress on to carrier status or develop chronic hepatitis.

•HBV is the main cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Type C Hepatitis (HCV),( non-A, non-B hepatitis, or posttransfusion hepatitis)

•Formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis, usually spreads through blood or blood product transfusion, usually from asymptomatic blood donors.

•It may also be transmitted through unsterile piercing or tattooing tools or dyes.

•It commonly affects I.V. drug users and renal dialysis patients and personnel.

•HCV is the most common form of posttransfusion hepatitis.

Type D Hepatitis (HDV),(delta agent hepatitis)

•Also known as Delta hepatitis.

•Is caused by a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B-specifically, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) - to replicate.

•HDV occurs along with HBV or may superinfect a chronic HBV carrier, and cannot outlast a hepatitis B infection.

•It occurs primarily in I.V. drug abusers or those who have had multiple blood transfusions, but the highest incidence is in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and South America.

Type E Hepatitis (HEV), (enterically transmitted or epidemic non-A, non-B)

•Is caused by a nonenveloped, single-strand RNA virus.

•It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route but is hard to detect because it is inconsistently shed in the feces.

•Its occurrence is primarily in India, Africa, Asia, or Central America.

1.2k 0 8 6

Nursing Exams 2025

10 Feb, 10:13

✅ Important Full Forms

➖ AF: atrial fibrillation
➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis
➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction
➖ ARF: acute renal failure
➖ BP: blood pressure
➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft
➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure
➖ CF: cystic fibrosis
➖ CHD: coronary heart disease
➖ CNS: central nervous system
➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure
➖ CRF: chronic renal failure
➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
➖ CT: computer mography
➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease
➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
➖ DU: duodenal ulcer
➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis
➖ ECG: electrocardiograph
➖ EEG: electroencephalogram
➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate
➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease
➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose
➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract
➖ GU: gastric ulcer
➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease
➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus
➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus
➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin
➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus
➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity
➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage
➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia
➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose
➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance
➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease
➖ Ig: immunoglobulin
➖ IM: intramuscular
➖ INR: international normalized ratio
➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit
➖ IV: intravenous
➖ IVU: intravenous urogram
➖ K+: potassium
➖ kg: kilogram
➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)
➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block
➖ LCM: left costal margin
➖ LFTs: liver function tests
➖ LIF: left iliac fossa
➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant
➖ LVF: left ventricular failure
➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy
➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity
➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin
➖ MI: myocardial infarction
➖ Min: minutes
➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease
➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy
➖ Na+: sodium
➖ NaCl: sodium chloride
➖ OA : osteoarthritis
➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill
➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure
➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease
➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
➖ PB: peripheral blood
➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis
➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia
➖ PE: pulmonary embolism
➖ PR: per rectum
➖ PT: prothrombin time
➖ PV: plasma volume
➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis
➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block
➖ RBCs: red blood cells
➖ RCC: red blood cell count
➖ Rh: Rhesus
➖ RIF: right iliac fossa
➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant
➖ SC: subcutaneous
➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage
➖ SOB: short of breath
➖ SM: smooth muscle
➖ SVC : superior vena cava
➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction
➖ SXR: skull x-ray
➖ T°: temperature
➖ t1/2: half-life
➖ T4: thyroxine
➖ TA: temporal arteritis
➖ TB: tuberculosis
➖ TFT: thyroid function test
➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks
➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase
➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies
➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone
➖ TT: thrombin time
➖ u/U: units
➖ UC: ulcerative colitis
➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes
➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection
➖ UTI: urinary tract infection
➖ USS: ultrasound scan
➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity
➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
➖ Vit K: vitamin K
➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect
➖ WBC: blood count or white blood cells

999 0 13 7

Nursing Exams 2025

9 Feb, 18:47

Procedure of Electrocardiography

Patient Preparation for
Electrocardiography (ECG)

•Explain to the patient the need to lie still, relax, and breathe normally during the procedure.

•Note current cardiac drug therapy on the test request form as well as any other pertinent clinical information, such as chest pain or pacemaker.

•Explain that the test is painless and takes 5 to 10 minutes.

Implementation

•Place the patient in a supine or semi-Fowler's position.

•Expose the chest, ankles, and wrists.

•Place electrodes on the inner aspect of the wrists, on the medical aspect of the lower legs, and on the chest.

•After all, electrodes are in place, connect the lead wires.

•Press the START button and input any required information.

•Make sure that all leads are represented in the tracing. If not, determine which electrode has come loose, reattach it, and restart the tracing.

•All recording and other nearby electrical equipment should be properly grounded.

•Make sure that the electrodes are firmly attached.

Normal Results
•P wave that doesn't exceed 2.5 mm (0.25 mV) in height or last longer than 0.12 seconds.

•PR interval (includes the P wave plus the PR segment) persisting for 0.12 to 0.2 seconds for heart rates above 60 beats/ min.

•QT interval that varies with the heart rate and lasts 0.4 to 0.52 seconds for heart rates above 60 beats/min.

•The voltage of the R wave leads V1 through V6 which doesn't exceed 27 mm.

•Total QRS complex lasting 0.06 to 0.1 seconds.

Abnormal Results
•Myocardial infarction (MI), right or left ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, right or left bundle-branch block, ischemia, conduction defects or pericarditis, and electrolyte abnormalities.

•Abnormal waveforms during angina episodes or during exercise.

1.2k 0 5

Nursing Exams 2025

9 Feb, 10:13

What is Porphyria?

Porphyria is basically a group of rare metabolic diseases (or disorders) that affect the skin and internal organs, such as the nervous system. These disorders are mainly caused by an enzyme deficiency. The enzyme deficiencies may stem from a number of different causes, which makes the symptoms and severity of different porphyria diseases vary greatly.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1k 0 0 1

Nursing Exams 2025

8 Feb, 10:13

Physiology of the initiation of labour

Increasing levels of prostaglandins, oxytocin, and progesterone are thought to contribute to the initiation of the onset of labour. The levels then rise progressively, reaching highest levels at the birth of the head and after placental separation.

The myometrium
Individual cells within the myometrium are able to depolarize their cell membranes, allowing the movement of ions, primarily calcium, which together with ATPase (an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate ion) initiates the contraction of myosin fibres within the cell. The cells are able to communicate their activity via gap junctions. At term, muscle fibres are present in compact bundles, reducing the gap size; therefore, the number of gap junctions increases and the potential to stimulate contractility is increased.

When these processes occur together, this results in a harmonized contraction, which can spread across the uterus.

The cervix
The cervix consists of collagen fibers alternating with circular and longitudinal muscle fibers. Normally the cervix is firm and resistant to downward activity from the uterus and its contents. Towards term, the percentage of water in the collagen fibers increases, which decreases their stability and therefore results in a softer, more compliant cervix.

Hormonal influences
Oestrogen enhances myometrial activity by increasing oxytocin and prostaglandin receptors, which in turn assists with the formation of gap junctions. Prostaglandins are produced in the placenta, membranes, and decidua. Prostaglandin (PGF2a) and prostaglandin E (PGE) facilitate the production of calcium ions, which thus increases their availability for binding to the myosin receptors. This enhances contractile action and results in harmonized contractions. The presence of prostaglandins in the cervix encourages the production of the enzymes elastase and collagenase (MMP- 8) which actively break down collagen fibers, leading to cervical ripening (softening). Oxytocin acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter and is produced by the hypothalamus; it is a powerful uterotonic. An increase in oxytocin receptors, due to the action of estrogen, dramatically increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin at term. This facilitates the onset and maintenance of contractions by depolarization and stimulating the production of prostaglandins. Animal studies suggest that the hormone relaxin is instrumental in stimulating oxytocin-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus just before the onset of labour.

1.2k 0 2

Nursing Exams 2025

8 Feb, 10:13

992 0 0

Nursing Exams 2025

7 Feb, 10:13

Blood counts that tell you a lot about your health

📌Hemoglobin(Hb):
A blood pigment found in red blood cells whose main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to remove CO2 from the body.

📌RBCs:
Increased value occurs in heart defects, bronchial, lung, kidney, and liver disease.

📌Leukocytes:
Indicates infections and inflammation.

📌 Platelets:
If they are more than normal, you may have tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, or cirrhosis of the liver.

📌SEE or ROE:
Elevated values occur with infections, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, and pregnancy.

📌Glucose:
An overabundance of glucose indicates inadequate and irregular nutrition, hormonal disorders, a deficiency indicates diabetes mellitus.

📌Total protein:
When liver, kidney, and malnutrition deteriorate, it goes down.

📌Total bilirubin:
When hepatitis, cholelithiasis, or red blood cell destruction occurs, bilirubin rises.Blood counts that will tell you a lot about your health.

1.3k 0 5 5

Nursing Exams 2025

6 Feb, 10:13

💥💥ALL IMPORTANT TESTS💥💥

1. Adom test - Scoliosis

2. Allen test - ABG Analysis

3. Aldehyde test - Leprosy

4. Phosphate test - Pasteurization

5. Patch test - Allergic Reaction

6. Tourniquet test - Dengue

7. Urea Breath test - H.Pylori

8. Schick test - Diphtheria

9. Dick test - Scarlet Fever

10. Rothers test - Acetone in Urine

11. Hey test - Bile Salt Urine

12. Smith test - Bile Pigment Urine

13. Benedict test - Urine Glucose

14. Kveim test - Sarcoidosis

15. Rinne & Webber test - Hearing

16. Direct Coomb test - Hemolytic Anemia

17. Ischiara test - Color Vision test

18. Snellen Chart test - Distance Vision

19. Confrontation test - Central and Peripheral Vision

20. Jegar's type Card test - Near Vision

22. Schiling test - Vitamin B12 Absorption

23. Histamine test - Leprosy

24. Roller Over test - Pre-Eclampsia

25. Fern Test or Nitrizine test - leakage of Amniotic fluid

26. VDRL test - Syphilis

27.VMA (Vanellyl Mandelic Acid) - Pheochromocytoma

28. Glucose Tolerance test - Diabetes Mellitus

29. Glycosylated Hemoglobin /Hb1AC test - Diabetes Mellitus

30. Water Deprivation test - Diabetes Insipidus

31. Treadmill / Stress test - Heart Function

32. Triple test - Down Syndrome

33. D-Dimer test - Measuring Clot formation (DVT, PE, DIC)

34. Trendelenburg test - VericoseVein

35. Phallen / Tinnel test -Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

36. Gold QuntiFeron test -Tuberculosis

37. Bangle Test - Protein Energy Malnutrition

38. Tensilon test -Myasthenia Gravis

39. Romberg test -Neurological Function / Balance or Gait

40. Knee Kiss test -Meningitis in Children

41. Tzank test - Herpes Genital or Vericella

42. Frie test -Lymphogranuloma inguinale

43. Widal test - Typhoid (on2ndweek)

44. Weilfelix test - Typhoidfever

45. Bonny test / Marshall test - Stress Incontinence

46. Binnet test - Intelligence Quotient

47. Sweat Chloride test - Cystic fibrosis

48. Hanging Drop test - Cholera

49. Paul Bunnel test - Epstien Barr Virus

50. Shake test / Bubble test - Surfactant and Fetal Lungs Maturity

51. Rubin test - Patency of Fallopian Tube

52. Tape test - Pin Worm

53. Ortho Tolidin test - Check Chlorine in Water

54. Dexa Scan - Bone Metabolic Disease (eg.Osteoporosis)

55. Heel to Shin test - Body Coordination Test

56. Halo test - CSF Leakage

57. Dexamethasone Suppression test - ACTH or Pituitary / Adrenal Gland Tumor

58. Arthrocentesis - Joint Inflammation and Infection

59. Holter Monitoring - 24 Hours ECG Monitoring in Dysarhythmia

60. Pulmonary Function test - Measure Lung Volume and Capacity (By-Spirometer)

61. SGOT & SGPT (AST/ALT) - Liver Function Test

62. PAP’s Smear - Cancer of Cervix

63. Creatinine Clearance test - Estimation of GFR

64. Wood's Light Examination - Superficial Infection of Skin

65. Burrow Ink test - Scabies / The Itch

66. Braden Scale - To Measure integrity of Bed Sore.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1.4k 0 22 9

Nursing Exams 2025

5 Feb, 10:09

Intravenous Pyelography

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an x-ray exam that uses an injection of contrast material to evaluate your kidneys, ureters, and bladder and help diagnose blood in the urine or pain in your side or lower back. An IVP may provide enough information to allow your doctor to treat you with medication and avoid surgery.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1.3k 0 1 4

Nursing Exams 2025

3 Feb, 10:09

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a tumor that forms on a fetus' tailbone, also called the coccyx. The tumors are usually not cancerous (benign) but can be life-threatening if not treated.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1.5k 0 3 2

Nursing Exams 2025

3 Feb, 10:08

✅ Important Full Forms

➖ AF: atrial fibrillation
➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis
➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction
➖ ARF: acute renal failure
➖ BP: blood pressure
➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft
➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure
➖ CF: cystic fibrosis
➖ CHD: coronary heart disease
➖ CNS: central nervous system
➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure
➖ CRF: chronic renal failure
➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
➖ CT: computer mography
➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease
➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
➖ DU: duodenal ulcer
➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis
➖ ECG: electrocardiograph
➖ EEG: electroencephalogram
➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate
➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease
➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose
➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract
➖ GU: gastric ulcer
➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease
➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus
➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus
➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin
➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus
➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity
➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage
➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia
➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose
➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance
➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease
➖ Ig: immunoglobulin
➖ IM: intramuscular
➖ INR: international normalized ratio
➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit
➖ IV: intravenous
➖ IVU: intravenous urogram
➖ K+: potassium
➖ kg: kilogram
➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)
➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block
➖ LCM: left costal margin
➖ LFTs: liver function tests
➖ LIF: left iliac fossa
➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant
➖ LVF: left ventricular failure
➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy
➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity
➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin
➖ MI: myocardial infarction
➖ Min: minutes
➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease
➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy
➖ Na+: sodium
➖ NaCl: sodium chloride
➖ OA : osteoarthritis
➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill
➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure
➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease
➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
➖ PB: peripheral blood
➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis
➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia
➖ PE: pulmonary embolism
➖ PR: per rectum
➖ PT: prothrombin time
➖ PV: plasma volume
➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis
➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block
➖ RBCs: red blood cells
➖ RCC: red blood cell count
➖ Rh: Rhesus
➖ RIF: right iliac fossa
➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant
➖ SC: subcutaneous
➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage
➖ SOB: short of breath
➖ SM: smooth muscle
➖ SVC : superior vena cava
➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction
➖ SXR: skull x-ray
➖ T°: temperature
➖ t1/2: half-life
➖ T4: thyroxine
➖ TA: temporal arteritis
➖ TB: tuberculosis
➖ TFT: thyroid function test
➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks
➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase
➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies
➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone
➖ TT: thrombin time
➖ u/U: units
➖ UC: ulcerative colitis
➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes
➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection
➖ UTI: urinary tract infection
➖ USS: ultrasound scan
➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity
➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
➖ Vit K: vitamin K
➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect
➖ WBC: blood count or white blood cells

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1.4k 0 19 8

Nursing Exams 2025

2 Feb, 10:08

Edema

Edema is increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces or it is a fluid accumulation in the body cavities in excessive amounts. Depending on the site, fluid accumulation in body cavities can be variously designated as:

a) Hydrothorax - fluid accumulation in pleural cavity in a pathologic amount.
b) Hydropericardium - pathologic amount of fluid accumulated in the pericardial cavity.
c) Hydroperitoncum (ascites) – fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
d) Ancsarca - is severe & generalized edema of the body with profound subcutaneous swelling.

Mechanism of edema formation Approximately 60% of the lean body weight is water, two-thirds of which is intracellular with the remainder in the extracellular compartment.

The capillary endothelium acts as a semipermeable membrane and is highly permeable to water & to almost all solutes in plasma with an exception of proteins. Proteins in plasma and interstitial fluid are especially important in controlling plasma & interstitial fluid volume.

Normally, any outflow of fluid into the interstitium from the arteriolar end of the microcirculation is nearly balanced by inflow at the venular end. Therefore, normally, there is very little fluid in the interstitium.

Edema formation is determined by the following factors:
1) Hydrostatic pressure
2) Oncotic pressure
3) Vascular permeability
4) Lymphatic channels
5) Sodium and water retention

1.4k 0 6 2

Nursing Exams 2025

30 Jan, 10:08

✅ Hormones and their Functions

1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH)
Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis.

2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion.

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex.

4. Gonadotropic hormones

(i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles.

(ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising hormone (LH)
Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female.

5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin
Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum.

6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful.

7. Oxytocin
Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.

8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin)
Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure.

9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action.

10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis.

11. Parathormone
Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones.

12. Insulin (from β cells)
Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis.

13. Glucagon (from α cell)
Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood.
Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis.

14. Somatostatin(ss)
Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track.

15. Pancreatic polypeptide
Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease.

16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state.

17. Adrenocorticoids
Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters.

18. Testosterone (leydig's cells)
Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male.
~ stimulate formation of sperms.

19. Estrogen (graafian follicles)
Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female.
~ stimulate maturation of ova.

20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum )
Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands.

21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum )
Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth.

22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG (placenta)
Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.

23. Serotonin
Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

24. Melatonin
Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone.

25. Thymosin
Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Nursing Exams | WhatsApp Channel

Nursing Exams WhatsApp Channel. Nursing All Entrance Exam 🎯 NEET | Nursing | AIIMS l Jipmer l MBBS l Norcet l Pharmacy l Paramedical l Pathology l Radiology l OT Technician l Bsc/Gnm/Anm Nursing l. 251 followers

1.6k 0 18 5

Nursing Exams 2025

30 Jan, 10:08

Parts of Nervous System

The nervous system is broadly divided into central and peripheral parts which are continuous with each other. Further subdivisions of each part are given below.

A. Central nervous system (CNS) includes:

Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains the higher governing centres.

Spinal cord or spinal medulla, which occupies upper twothirds of the vertebral canal, and contains many reflex centres.

B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is subdivided into the following two components.

Cerebrospinal nervous system is the somatic component of the peripheral nervous system, which includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It innervates the somatic structures of the head and neck, limbs and body wall, and mediates somatic sensory and motor functions.

Peripheral autonomic nervous system is the visceral component of the peripheral nervous system, includes the visceral or splanchnic nerves that are connected to the CNS through the somatic nerves.

1.5k 0 8

Nursing Exams 2025

29 Jan, 10:08

ℹ️ Appendicitis :- Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix.
The appendix is a finger-shaped pouch that sticks out from the colon on the lower right side of the belly, also called the abdomen.

🔍 Symptoms - Appendicitis causes pain in the lower right abdomen. However, in most people, pain begins around the belly button and then moves. As inflammation worsens, appendicitis pain typically increases, eventually becomes serious & Possibly life-threatening.

🛡 Treatment:- Treatment of appendicitis is usually antibiotics and surgery to remove the appendix.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

1.5k 0 6 2

Nursing Exams 2025

28 Jan, 10:03

▪️ Facts:

✅Our lungs inhale over two million liters of air every day, without even thinking.

✅When humans lose weight, about 80% of the fat is converted into carbon dioxide and exhaled through the lungs.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Nursing Exams | WhatsApp Channel

Nursing Exams WhatsApp Channel. Nursing All Entrance Exam 🎯 NEET | Nursing | AIIMS l Jipmer l MBBS l Norcet l Pharmacy l Paramedical l Pathology l Radiology l OT Technician l Bsc/Gnm/Anm Nursing l. 251 followers

1.4k 0 1

Nursing Exams 2025

27 Jan, 19:16

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, beneath your liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid that's released into your small intestine (bile). In most cases, gallstones blocking the tube leading out of your gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct problems, tumors, serious illnesses and certain infections.

If left untreated, cholecystitis can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening complications, such as a gallbladder rupture. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves gallbladder removal.

Causes

Cholecystitis occurs when your gallbladder becomes inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by:

•Gallstones. Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles that develop in your gallbladder (gallstones). Gallstones can block the tube (cystic duct) through which bile flows when it leaves the gallbladder. Bile builds up, causing inflammation.

•Tumor. A tumor may prevent bile from draining out of your gallbladder properly, causing bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis.

•Bile duct blockage. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts can cause blockages that lead to cholecystitis.

•Infection. AIDS and certain viral infections can trigger gallbladder inflammation.

•Blood vessel problems. A very severe illness can damage blood vessels and decrease blood flow to the gallbladder, leading to cholecystitis.

Complications

Cholecystitis can lead to a number of serious complications, including:

•Infection within the gallbladder. If bile builds up within your gallbladder, causing cholecystitis, the bile may become infected.

•Death of gallbladder tissue. Untreated cholecystitis can cause tissue in the gallbladder to die (gangrene). It's the most common complication, especially among older people, those who wait to get treatment, and those with diabetes. This can lead to a tear in the gallbladder, or it may cause your gallbladder to burst.

•Torn gallbladder. A tear (perforation) in your gallbladder may result from gallbladder swelling, infection or death of tissue.

Prevention

You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones:

•Lose weight slowly. Rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstones. If you need to lose weight, aim to lose 1 or 2 pounds (0.5 to about 1 kilogram) a week.

•Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight makes you more likely to develop gallstones. To achieve a healthy weight, reduce calories and increase your physical activity. Maintain a healthy weight by continuing to eat well and exercise.

•Choose a healthy diet. Diets high in fat and low in fiber may increase the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, choose a diet high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

🔻Join ► https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaUwGkvCBtxDrc3WUK15

Nursing Exams | WhatsApp Channel

Nursing Exams WhatsApp Channel. Nursing All Entrance Exam 🎯 NEET | Nursing | AIIMS l Jipmer l MBBS l Norcet l Pharmacy l Paramedical l Pathology l Radiology l OT Technician l Bsc/Gnm/Anm Nursing l. 251 followers

1.6k 0 6 1

SearcheeBot

Telegram Analytics

TGStat Bot

TGAlertsBot

Nursing Exams 2025

Channel's geo and language

Category

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

Nursing Exams 2025

27 483

Popular in the channel

Site language

SearcheeBot

Telegram Analytics

TGStat Bot

TGAlertsBot

Nursing Exams 2025

Channel's geo and language

Category

27 483

Popular in the channel