UPSC GEOGRAPHY


Channel's geo and language: India, Hindi
Category: Travel


This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
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Queries - @Upscgeographybot

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TROPICAL SEMI - EVERGREEN FORESTS

#Naturalvegetation

◇ They are transitional forests between tropical wet evergreen forests and tropical deciduous forests.

◇ They are comparatively drier areas compared to tropical wet evergreen forests.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

◇ Annual rainfall is 200-250 cm.

◇ Mean annual temperature varies from 24 to 27 °C.

◇ The dry season is not short like in tropical evergreen forests.

DISTRIBUTION

◇ Western coast, Assam, Lower slopes of the Eastern Himalayas,
Odisha and Andamans.

CHARACTERSTICS

◇ The semi-evergreen forests are less dense.

◇ They are more gregarious (living in flocks or colonies – more pure stands) .

◇ These forests are characterized by many species.

◇ Trees usually have buttressed trunks with abundant epiphytes.

◇ The important species are laurel, rosewood, mesua, thorny bamboo – Western Ghats; white cedar, Indian chestnut, champa, mango, etc.

▪︎ SOURCE - D.R. Khullar, Chapter 7


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TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN FORESTS.

#Naturalvegetation

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

◇ Annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm.

◇The annual temperature is about 25-27 °C.

Dry season is distinctly short.

CHARACTERSTICS.

Evergreen: Due to high heat and high humidity, the trees of these forests do not shed their leaves.

Mesophytic: Plants adapted to neither too dry nor too wet type climate or soil.

Hydrophytic plants: plants like water lily or pondweed that grow in saturated soil.

Xerophytic plants: plants like cactus that grow in extremely dry soil.

Mesophytic plants: ordinary plants that exist between the two extremes.

◇ The trees often reach 45-60 metres in height.

◇ From air, the forest appears like a thick canopy of foliage.

Less undergrowth: The sunlight cannot reach the ground due to thick canopy.

DISTRIBUTION

Western Ghats (500 to 1370 metres above sea level).

◇ Some regions in the Purvanchal hills.

◇ In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.


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CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL VEGETATION IN INDIA.

MOIST TROPICAL FORESTS.

1. Tropical Wet Evergreen

2. Tropical Semi-Evergreen

3. Tropical Moist Deciduous

4. Littoral and swamp.

DRY TROPICAL FORESTS.

1. Tropical Dry Evergreen

2. Tropical Dry Deciduous

3. Tropical Thorn

MONTANE SUB - TROPICAL FORESTS.

1. Sub-tropical broad leaved hill

2. Sub-tropical moist hill (pine)

3. Sub-tropical dry evergreen

MONTANE TEMPERATE FORESTS.

1. Montane Wet Temperate

2. Himalayan Moist Temperate

3. Himalayan Dry Temperate

ALPINE FOREST

1. Sub-Alpine

2. Moist Alpine scrub


DIPHER PASS (Diphu pass)

◇ Trijunction of India, China and Myanmar.

◇ Easy access between Arunachal Pradesh and Mandalay in Myanmar.

◇ It is an important land trade route between India and Myanmar and remains open throughout the year.


DIHANG PASS

◇ Connects Arunachal Pradesh and myanmar.

◇ Elevation of more than 4000 m.


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BOM DI LA PASS

◇ connects Arunachal Pradesh with Bhutan (Lhasa)

altitude of 4331 m.

◇ Situated near the eastern boundary of Bhutan in the Greater Himalayas.


JELEP LA

◇ Connects Sikkim-Bhutan border.

◇ Altitude of 4538 m.

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◇ an important link between Sikkim and Lhasa.


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NATHU LA PASS

◇ Connects Sikkim with Tibet.

◇ Altitude of 4310 m.

◇ It forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Route an important trade route between India and China.

◇ It was closed after the Chinese aggression on India in 1962 but was reopened in 2006 as the governments of the two countries decided to enhance their trade through land routes.


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