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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

18 Dec, 21:01

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

18 Dec, 17:25

■ CLASSIFICATION OF COAL.

1. PEAT

◇ Contains less than 40 to 55 per cent carbon (has more impurities).

◇ Contains sufficient volatile matter and lots of moisture (gives out a lot of smoke when burnt cause pollution).

◇ Left to itself, it burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot of ash.

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

18 Dec, 15:58

No. of Tests Topic Wise
✅Current Affairs : 40 Tests
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✅Polity : 30 Tests
✅Geography : 35 Tests
✅Economy : 20 Tests
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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

17 Dec, 11:04

■ STAGES OF COAL FORMATION.

#Economicgeography

◇ In the process of transformation (coalification),

1. Buried plants turn into peat,

2. Peat is altered to lignite,

3. lignite is altered to sub-bituminous,

4. sub-bituminous coal is altered to bituminous coal, and

5. bituminous coal is altered to anthracite (oldest, best quality coal).

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

17 Dec, 10:01

No. of Tests Topic Wise
✅Current Affairs : 40 Tests
✅History : 35 Tests
✅Polity : 30 Tests
✅Geography : 35 Tests
✅Economy : 20 Tests
✅Ecology, SciTech : 20 Tests

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

16 Dec, 16:41

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

15 Dec, 12:53

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

13 Dec, 17:25

■ FORMATION OF COAL.

#Economicgeography

◇ Most of the world’s coal was formed in Carboniferous age (350 million years ago.)

◇ Name Carboniferous refers to coal-bearing strata.

◇ Coal formed millions of years ago when the earth was covered with huge swampy (marshy) forests.

◇ As plants grew, some died and fell into the swamp waters.

◇ New plants grew up to take their places and when these died more grew.

◇ In time, there was thick layer of dead plants rotting in the swamp.

◇ Surface of the earth changed, and water and dirt washed in, stopping the decaying process.

◇ More plants grew up, but they too died and fell, forming separate layers.

◇ After millions of years many layers had formed, one on top of the other.

◇ Weight of the top layers and the water and dirt packed down the lower layers of plant matter.

◇ Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes in the plant layers which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon deposits. In time, material that had been plants became coal.

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

13 Dec, 15:20

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

12 Dec, 18:06

■ BLACK SOIL.

#Soil

◇ The parent material for most of the black soil are the volcanic rocks that were formed in the Deccan Plateau.

◇ In Tamil Nadu, gneisses and schists form the parent material. The former are sufficiently deep while the later are generally shallow.

◇ These are the region of high temperature and low rainfall. It is, therefore, a soil group typical to the dry and hot regions of the Peninsula.

◇ A typical black soil is highly argillaceous (containing clay) with a large clay factor, 62 per cent or more.

• In general, black soils of uplands are of low fertility while those in the valleys are very fertile.

◇ The black soil is highly retentive of moisture.

◇ It swells greatly on accumulating moisture.

◇ In the rainy season, the soil gets very sticky and hence ploughing, and other agricultural activities demand more effort.

◇ In summer, the moisture evaporates the soil shrinks and is seamed with broad and deep cracks.

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

12 Dec, 16:27

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

11 Dec, 17:41

■ ALLUVIAL SOIL

#Soil

◇ Alluvial soils are formed mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers.

◇ In coastal regions, some alluvial deposits are formed due to wave action.

◇ Rocks of the Himalayas form the parent material.

◇ They are the largest soil group covering about 15 lakh sq km or about 45.6 per cent of the total area.

◇ They support more than 40% of India’s population by providing the most productive agricultural lands.

□ CHARACTERSTICS OF ALLUVIAL SOIL.

◇ They are immature and have weak profiles due to their recent origin.

◇ Most of the soil is loamy. Sandy and clayey soils are not uncommon.

◇ Pebbly and gravelly soils are rare.

◇ Kankar (calcareous concretions) beds are present in some regions along the river terraces.

◇ The soil is porous because of its loamy (equal proportion of sand and clay) nature.

◇ Porosity and texture provide good drainage and other conditions favourable for agriculture.

◇ These soils are replenished by the recurrent floods

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

11 Dec, 15:28

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

10 Dec, 21:59

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

10 Dec, 17:02

■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.

#Soil

3. CLIMATE.

◇ Temperature and rainfall are the most important factors in soil formation.

◇ They determine the effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein.

◇ Two different parent materials may develop the same soil in the same type of climate.

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

10 Dec, 15:32

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No. of Tests Topic Wise
✅Current Affairs : 40 Tests
✅History : 35 Tests
✅Polity : 30 Tests
✅Geography : 35 Tests
✅Economy : 20 Tests
✅Ecology, SciTech : 20 Tests

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

9 Dec, 17:57

■ FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.

#Soil

2. RELIEF

◇ The relief is the most important factor for soil formation in places with steep slopes like the hilly regions, edges of plateaus etc.

◇ Soil erosion on barren slopes is rampant, and it hinders soil formation. Example: Chambal ravines, higher reaches of the Himalayas where there is minimal or no forest cover (most on the steep southern slopes) etc.

◇ The areas of low relief or gentle slope generally experience deposition and have deep soils. Example: Indo Gangetic plain.

◇ The exceptions in the plateau are river basins where the soil layers are sufficiently deep.

▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar (Chapter - 7).

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

9 Dec, 16:06

No. of Tests Topic Wise
✅Current Affairs : 40 Tests
✅History : 35 Tests
✅Polity : 30 Tests
✅Geography : 35 Tests
✅Economy : 20 Tests
✅Ecology, SciTech : 20 Tests

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

7 Dec, 18:16

■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.

#Soil

1. PARENT MATERIAL.

◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.

◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.

◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.

◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.

◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.

◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-

1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.

3. Gondwana rocks.

4. Deccan basalts.

5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.

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UPSC GEOGRAPHY

7 Dec, 16:18

#UPSC2025
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✅50 Current Affairs Tests
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✅25 Years Solved Subject and Year Wise PYQs

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