Research Help (Abay Research support)

TYPES OF ABSTRACT

To begin, you need to determine which type of abstract you should include with your paper. There are four general types.

1⃣ Critical Abstract
2⃣ Descriptive Abstract
3⃣ Informative Abstract
4⃣ Highlight Abstract

1⃣ Critical Abstract

A critical abstract provides, in addition to describing main findings and information, a judgment or comment about the study’s validity, reliability, or completeness. The researcher evaluates the paper and often compares it with other works on the same subject. Critical abstracts are generally 400-500 words in length due to the additional interpretive commentary. These types of abstracts are used infrequently.

2⃣ Descriptive Abstract

A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarized. Some researchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short, 100 words or less.

3⃣ Informative Abstract

The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the paper. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract [purpose, methods, scope] but it also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length.

4⃣ Highlight Abstract

A highlight abstract is specifically written to attract the reader’s attention to the study. No pretense is made of there being either a balanced or complete picture of the paper and, in fact, incomplete and leading remarks may be used to spark the reader’s interest. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, rarely used in academic writing.

Source[USC LIBRARY]

@Promoter14
በግዜ እጥረት እና በመሳሰሉት ምክንያቶች ትምህርታችሁ ላይ አፋጣኝ እገዛ የምትፈልጉ ተማሪዎች እና ተመራቂዎች
Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendations) ድረስ እናግዛለን።
✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ ለDefense - powerpoint ለሚፈልጉም ማዘጋጀት እና possible defense questions እናቀርባለን
✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
ለእገዛ 👉  @researcher13 or
         👉  @promoter14 ላይ ይጠይቁ
         👉  +251966368812
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ለ MBA የሚሆኑ የ ሪሰርች ቶፒኮች
.....................................................
ሁሌም የሪሰርች ዕርእስ ስንመርጥ የሚከተሉትን ሀሳቦች ማገናዘብ ይኖርብናል፡፡

👉Original (አዲስ)
👉Creative and interesting (ሳቢ)
👉Recent and relevant (ወቅታዊና ጠቃሚ)
👉Suit your specific passion (ለራሳችን ፍላጎት የሚስበን)
👉 Feasible (ልንሰራው የምንችልና አዋጪ)

የሚከተሉትን ቶፒኮች ዌብሳይት ላይ ያገኘሇቸውና ይጠቅማሉ ብየ ያሰብኳቸው ናቸው፡፡ Check them out.
👇

✅ Current trends in the Ethiopian advertising and consumer behavior

የማስታወቂያ ባህል እና የደንበኞች ባህሪ ሂደቶች ኦሪጅናልና ወቅታዊ የጥናት area ሲሆን ልንሰራው የምንችለው (feasible)  አይነት title ልናገኝበት እንችላለን፡፡

✅ The relationship and common aspects of innovation management and organizational culture

ብዙ ጊዜ የተለያዮ የአሰራር ሂደቶች organizational culture ጋር ያላቸው relation ሲጠና ይታያል፡፡ ከ Innovation አንፃር ብናየው ደግሞ ኦሪጅናል የሆነ ስራን ልንሰራ እንችላለን፡፡ Innovation is quite new area in our country.

✅ Empirical investigation into the influence of organizational and leadership performance

✅ A case study of rural/urban marketing project

✅ Investigating the impact of consumer loyalty programs in convenience stores

✅ Investigating the effects of mobile banking

✅ Analyzing the effectiveness of advertising

✅ A comparative study of organized trading in Ethiopa

✅ Analysis of the effects of branding on the buyers’ purchase decision

Branding በሀገራችን በስፋት የምናስተውለው ነገር ነው፡፡ ሰዎች ብራንድ ነገሮችን የመግዛት ባህል እያዳበሩ መጥተዋል፡፡ branding ገዢዎችን ምን ያክል affect እያደረጋቸው ነው?

✅ A study of job task management using a geographical information system

ይሄ area በተለይ የ GIS እውቀት ሊጠይቅ ይችላል፡፡

ከላይ የተጠቀሱት research area ወይም theme  ሲሁኑ more specific ሲሆኑ ሪሰርች ታይትል እናገኛለን፡፡ ያም ማለት በአንድ ድርጅት ወይም ከተማ ወይም ብራንች .....ላይ specific አድርገን ልንሰራቸው እንችላለን፡፡

የሚያሳዩትን ዉጤት/አኳኋን ማስቀመጥ ነው

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Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 
✅ለማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እገዛ ይጠይቁ

✅ማንኛውንም የመመረቂያ ፅሁፍ፣ የፕሮፖዛል እና የዲፌንስ ዝግጅት ልዩ ድጋፍ በከፍተኛ ጥራት እና በፍጥነት
ለእገዛ 👉 @researcher13 or
          👉  @promoter14 ላይ ይጠይቁ
          👉  +251966368812
Channel @zresearcher
Group https://t.me/joinchat/3KxEeE-mxXs2MGQ8

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Preparing for a thesis defense

🥰Preparing for a thesis defense is an important step in the completion of your academic program. To ensure a successful defense, here are some steps you can take to prepare yourself:

✅Understand the requirements: Familiarize yourself with the specific requirements and guidelines for your thesis defense. Review your department's guidelines and any feedback provided by your advisor or committee members.

✅Revisit your thesis: Review your thesis thoroughly to ensure you have a clear understanding of its content, methodology, and findings. Identify the key points, arguments, and supporting evidence.

✅Anticipate questions: Prepare a list of potential questions that your committee members may ask during the defense. These questions can cover various aspects, such as the background and motivation for your research, the methodology employed, results obtained, and implications of your work. Practice formulating concise and coherent answers to these questions.

✅Practice your presentation: Create a concise and engaging presentation that summarizes your research. Pay attention to the structure, flow, and clarity of your slides. Practice delivering your presentation multiple times to ensure you stay within the allotted time and become comfortable with the material.

✅Seek feedback: Share your presentation and thesis with your advisor and colleagues for feedback. Incorporate their suggestions to improve the clarity and effectiveness of your presentation.

✅Conduct a mock defense: Organize a mock defense with your peers or colleagues. Ask them to play the role of committee members and provide constructive feedback. This exercise will help you simulate the actual defense and identify areas where you need to improve.

✅Prepare visual aids: Prepare any visual aids, such as charts, graphs, or diagrams, that can help illustrate your research findings. Ensure they are clear, visually appealing, and support your main points.

✅Address potential weaknesses: Reflect on any potential weaknesses or limitations of your research. Develop strategies to address them and be prepared to discuss them during the defense.

✅Stay updated: Be aware of recent developments in your field of study. Familiarize yourself with any relevant literature or studies published since the submission of your thesis.

✅Stay calm and confident: On the day of the defense, try to remain calm and composed. Take deep breaths, maintain eye contact, and speak clearly. Remember that your committee members are there to evaluate your work and provide feedback, not to intimidate you.

✅Be open to feedback: During the defense, listen attentively to the questions and comments from your committee members. Respond thoughtfully and respectfully, even if you encounter challenging or critical questions. Use feedback as an opportunity to demonstrate your knowledge and willingness to learn.

✅Follow up: After the defense, consider implementing any suggestions or revisions recommended by your committee members. If revisions are required, work diligently to address them in a timely manner.
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2 Research / ሪሰርች
3 Proposal / ፕሮፖዛል
4 Term Paper /  ተረም ፔፐር
5 Case study/ ኬዝ ስተዲ
6 Article Review
7  Mini research
8  Business plan
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በግዜ እጥረት እና በመሳሰሉት ምክንያቶች ትምህርታችሁ ላይ አፋጣኝ እገዛ ስትፈልጉ አናግሩን

Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendations) ድረስ እናግዛለን።
✅ ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ ለDefense - powerpoint ለሚፈልጉም ማዘጋጀት እና possible defense questions እናቀርባለን
✅ ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
ለእገዛ 👉  @researcher13 or
         👉  @promoter14 ላይ ይጠይቁ
         👉  +251966368812
Channel @zresearcher
Group https://t.me/joinchat/3KxEeE-mxXs2MGQ8

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TYPES OF ABSTRACT

To begin, you need to determine which type of abstract you should include with your paper. There are four general types.

1⃣ Critical Abstract
2⃣ Descriptive Abstract
3⃣ Informative Abstract
4⃣ Highlight Abstract

1⃣ Critical Abstract

A critical abstract provides, in addition to describing main findings and information, a judgment or comment about the study’s validity, reliability, or completeness. The researcher evaluates the paper and often compares it with other works on the same subject. Critical abstracts are generally 400-500 words in length due to the additional interpretive commentary. These types of abstracts are used infrequently.

2⃣ Descriptive Abstract

A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarized. Some researchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short, 100 words or less.

3⃣ Informative Abstract

The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the paper. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract [purpose, methods, scope] but it also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length.

4⃣ Highlight Abstract

A highlight abstract is specifically written to attract the reader’s attention to the study. No pretense is made of there being either a balanced or complete picture of the paper and, in fact, incomplete and leading remarks may be used to spark the reader’s interest. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, rarely used in academic writing.

Source[USC LIBRARY]

@Promoter14
በግዜ እጥረት እና በመሳሰሉት ምክንያቶች ትምህርታችሁ ላይ አፋጣኝ እገዛ የምትፈልጉ ተማሪዎች እና ተመራቂዎች
Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendations) ድረስ እናግዛለን።
✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ ለDefense - powerpoint ለሚፈልጉም ማዘጋጀት እና possible defense questions እናቀርባለን
✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
ለእገዛ 👉  @researcher13 or
         👉  @promoter14 ላይ ይጠይቁ
         👉  +251966368812
Channel @zresearcher
Group https://t.me/joinchat/3KxEeE-mxXs2MGQ8

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MIXED RESEARCH METHODS

ውድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰቦች ዛሬ ስለ MIXED RESEARCH METHOD ዋና ዋና ነገሮችን እንመልከት ።

✅Mixed research በመጀመሪያ በSocial science/Educational Science በብዛት የሚተገበር ቢሆንም አሁን ግን በhealth science ዘርፍም በብዛት ይጠቀሙበታል ።

✅Mixed research ማለት በአንድ ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ውስጥ ሁለት መንገዶችን (Qualitative ና quantitative)በአንድ ላይ ስንጠቀምበት ነው።

♻️ይህም ሁለቱን እኩል(parallel)ወይም ተራ በተራ (sequential) በmixed research design መሰራት መጠቀም እንችላለን

❓ይህንን የreseach አይነት በብዛት በማስተርስ እና በፒ.ኤች.ዲ የትምህርት ደረጃ የሚጠቀሙበት ሲሆን በመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ ግን በብዛት አይመከርም።

❓ሁለት የተለያዩ የreseach መንገዶችን በአንድ ላይ ለመጠቀም ከሌሎቹ በተለየ መንገድ ጥንቃቄ እና እውቀት ሊጠይቅ ይችላል።

🥴በተለምዶ ሰዎች ሁለቱንም( qualitativeና quantitative መንገድ እጠቀማለሁ ስሉ እንሰማለን። ነገር ግን የmixed method ትክክለኛ መንገድ ሳይከተሉ መቅረት በመጨረሻ ላይ ለችግር ያጋልጣል ።

👇ትክክለኛ mixed method core characteristics የሚከተሉት ናቻው።

1⃣ ከmixed methods ውስጥ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግለጽ ይኖርባችኋል። (concurrent triangulation, Sequential or embaded)

ይህም ብቻ አይደለም ለእያንደንዱ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግላጽ ያስፈልጋል ።
💠Qualitative (phenomenology, ethnography,..etc)
💠Quantitative (Cross sectional, Experimental, cohort... Etc)
ተብሎ ሊገለጽ ይገባል ።

2⃣ ለሁሉቱም (qualitative & quantitative) ትክክለኛ methodology መከተል ያስፈልጋል ። Data collection method & materials, sample size, data analysis, ለሁለቱም በተገቢው መንገድ ሊብራራ ይገባል። ይህም ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ መብራራ/መተንተን ይኖርበታል።

3⃣በሁለቱን መንገድ የተሰበሰበው Data (መረጃ) Analize መድረግ ያስፈልጋል። ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ Analysis መስራት ያስፈልጋል።

4⃣ከሁለቱም የተገኛውን results ከግምት በማስገባት discussion ላይ መግለጽ ያስፈልጋል። ይህም የአንዱ result የሌለውን ይደግፈል ወይም አይደግፍም የሚለው ዋና የmixed method አላማ ነው። ከሁለቱም የተገኘውን ውጤት Triangulate ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፣ ይህ የማይሆን ከሆነ mixed methods ፈይዳ የለውም።

⁉️ነገር ግን በጥናቱ የምትጠቀሙበት mixed study design የሚወሰን ይሆናል። ምክንያቱም ለ Sequential እና ለ convergent ወይም ለ embaded ተመሳሳይ አይነት መንገድ አትከተሉም፣  Methodology አጻጻፍም በተወሰነ መልኩ ይላያያል።

Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation በጥራት

✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
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✅Research Variables!

Variables:- ማንኛውንም ጥናታዊ ስራ ለመስራት በምናስብበት ወቅት ስለ ምናጠናው ሃሳብ ተያያዥነት ያላቸው ጉዳዮች፤ በጥናት ልናረጋግጠው በፈለግነው ሃሳብ ላይ ቀጥተኛም ሆነ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩ ጉዳዮች ወይም ሃሳቦች ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ:-

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የሚያነሳሱ ምክንያቶችን ለማጥናት ብናስብ፣ ቀጥተኛ ሆነ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩ ሃሳቦችን መጀመሪያ እንለያለን፣ እነሱም ጾታ፤ እድሜ፤ የትዳር ሁኔታ፤ የስራ በሃሪ፤ ገቢ፤ የመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ ሲጋራ ማጨስን ጨምሮ Variables ይባላሉ። የምንመርጣቸውን Variables ከTheory አንጻር፤ ከሌሎች ጥናታዊ ግኝቶች አንጻር እና ከልምድ አንጻር በመመስረት መምረጥ ይይቻላል።

ለምሳሌ:-

ወጣትነት ለማጨስ እንደሚገፋፋ ከልምድ በመነሳት፤ የገቢ ማነስ በብስጭት ምክንያት ለማጨስ እንደሚዳርግ የተረጋገጠ ጥናት ካለ በመውሰድ፤ ሌሎቹንም በምክንያት በማስደገፍ መርጦ መጠቀም ይቻላል። ነገር ግን ከላይ ከተጠቀሱት ምክያቶች ውጪ ምክንያት አለኝ ወይም ማረጋገጥ እፈልጋለው ለሚል አጥኚ የራሱን ሃሳብ በማቅረብ ማጥናት ይችላል።

ለምሳሌ:-

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የኢንተርኔት መጥፋት ምክንያት ነው የሚል Variables ቢመረጥ ስህትት አይደለም ነገር ግን በመረጃ በመነሳት ግንኙነት እንዳለው እና እንደሌለው ማረጋገጥ ብቻ ነው የሚጠበቅበት።

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የሚያነሳሱ ምክንያቶችን ለማጥናት ብናስብ በጥናት የሚረጋገጠው ሲጋራ ማጨስ (Dependent ወይም Outcome Variable) ይባላል። ምክንያቱም ሲጋራ ማጨስ በጾታ፤ በእድሜ፤ በትዳር ሁኔታ፤ በስራ በሃሪ፤ በገቢ፤ በመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ ተጽኖ ስለሚያድርበት በነሱ ላይ ጥገኛ ነው።

ነገር ግን በራሳቸው ቆመው በሲጋራ ማጨስ ላይ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩት ጾታ፤ እድሜ፤ የትዳር ሁኔታ፤ የስራ በሃሪ፤ ገቢ፤ የመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ (Independent ወይም Explanatory Variables) ይባላሉ። ምክንያቱም ሲጋራ ማጨስ በተቃራኒው የግለሰቡ ጾታ ላይ ተጽኖ መፍጠር አይችልም (ሰው ስላጨሰ ጾታው አይለወጥም ነገር ግን ጾታው እንዲያጨስ ተጽኖ ሊፈጥርበት ይችላል

ለምሳሌ:- ወንዶች ከሴቶች በላይ አጫሽ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ።

Y(ሲጋራ ማጨስ) = f(ጾታ + እድሜ + የትዳር ሁኔታ + የስራ በሃሪ + ገቢ + የመኖሪያ አካባቢ + ወዘተ + Error Term)

በተለይ የEconometrics Model በመጠቀም ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ለማቅረብ ለሚያስቡ አጥኚዎች የምንመርጠውን Variables በጥንቃቄ መምረጥ የማንችል ከሆን የመጨረሻ ውጤቱን ሊያዛባው ይችላል። በተለይ የመረጥነው Independent Variable በተቃራኒው በራሱ በIndependent Variable ላይ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥር ከሆን በጣም ክፍተኛ ስህተት የሆነ ውጤት ነው የምናገኘው። የዚህ አይነቱ ችግር Multicolinearity Effect ይባላል። ስለዚህ በቅድሚያ Variables በጥንቃቄ በመምረጥ እንዲሁም የዚህ አይነቱን ችግር መኖሩን የሚያረጋግጠውን Multicolinearity Test ለማድረግ የተለመደው variance-inflating factor (VIF) ስልት ሲሆን በVIF የሚገኘው አማካይ ውጤት ከ10በታች ከሆነ የወሰድናቸው Independent Variables ትክክለኛ ወሆናቸውን ያሳያል። ለዚህ የሚያገለግሉ ሶፍትዌሮች E-View፤ Stata፤ SPSS፤ Sas፤ ወዘተ) በመጠቀም ችግሩን መቅረፍ ይገባል።

© The Ethiopian Economist View

Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and reccomendation 

✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት

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Research Proposal
Types of Abstract
Sample Format
What is an abstract
How to improve your academic writing style
How to write a research Gap
How to write a research
How to do a Thesis
Research Frame
Research Variables
Dependent and Independent variables
Mixed Research Method
Anaylsis

How to do data analysis
Dummy Regression Model
How to do pearson correlation
How to do Chi squere Test
Parametric Test
How To Test Hypothesis
SPSS Software
Plagiarism checker software
የpresentation ፍረሃት እንዴት ማስወገድ ይቻላል ?
ራስን ለዲፌንስ ማዘጋጀት
የዲፌንስ ጥያቄዎች

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Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation plagiarism free and 100% acceptance rate

✅ለማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እገዛ ይጠይቁ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት

✅ማንኛውንም የመመረቂያ ፅሁፍ፣ የፕሮፖዛል እና የዲፌንስ ዝግጅት ልዩ ድጋፍ በከፍተኛ ጥራት እና በፍጥነት

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QUALITIES OF A GOOD ACADEMIC PAPER📄

🔹Content is of high quality

🔹Correctly formatted

🔹Content is 100% original

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🔹Delivered on time

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Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 
✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።

✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
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HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS vs ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

In statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) are two competing statements about a population parameter or the relationship between variables.

The null hypothesis represents the absence of an effect, while the alternative hypothesis suggests that there is a difference, relationship, or effect present.
More specifically:


1. Null Hypothesis (H0):

The null hypothesis assumes that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables, or that any observed difference is due to chance.

It is often stated as a statement of equality, such as

"there is no difference" or
"the mean is equal to a specific value.
"there is no effect.. "
"there is no association..."

Example

If the research question is:-

Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"

The Ho would be:-

There is no significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."

Researchers generally try to disprove the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha):

The alternative hypothesis is the statement that contradicts or opposes the null hypothesis.

It suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables, or

that the observed difference is not due to chance.

It can be directional (one-sided) or non-directional (two-sided).

A directional alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the expected effect
"the mean is greater than"
"the mean is less than"

while a non-directional alternative hypothesis simply states that there is a difference or relationship without specifying the direction. Or
the mean is different...

Example

If the research question is:-

"Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"

The alternative (Ha) would be stated:-

Directional alternative hypothesis:

"Students who receive the new teaching method will have significantly higher test scores compared to those who do not."

Non-directional alternative hypothesis:

"There is a significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."

But you don't state as directional or non directional alternative hypotheses in your research.

Which hypothesis can I use?

In choosing which hypothesis to state in your study, it depends on your research question or objective.


If you have a specific expectation or a prior belief about the direction of the effect, you may choose a directional alternative hypothesis.

On the other hand, if you simply want to determine whether there is a difference or relationship between variables without specifying a direction, a non-directional alternative hypothesis would be appropriate.

Moreover, You may or may not state both null and alternative hypotheses for similar research questions in your research.

However, in many research studies, the alternative hypothesis tends to be of more interest because it represents the claim or effect that the researcher wants to establish or support.

The researcher rejects the null hypothesis if the p value is significant (P‹ 0.05)   

Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 
✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
✅ማንኛውንም እገዛ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
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📌የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀትን እንዴት ማስወገድ እንችላለን?

✅ፕረዘንቴሽን በትምህርት ሂወታችን ውስጥ ከሚያጋጥሙን ሂደቶችና የመፈተኛ መንገዶች ውስጥ አንዱ ነው፡፡

በተለይ በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ላይ መምህራን አሳሳይንመንቶችን ፣ ፕሮጀክቶችን ፣ የምርምር ስራዎችን እና የመሳሰሉትን ተማሪዎች በክላስ ውስጥ ፕረዘንት ያዛሉ፡፡

ከትምህርት አለም ውጪም በተለያዮ የስራ ጉዳዮች ላይ ፕረዘንት እንድናደርግ ሊጠበቅብን ይችላል፡፡

✅ታዲያ በፕረዘንቴሽን ጊዜ የብዙዎች ችግር ሰዎች ፊት የመናገር ፍርሀት ነው፡፡

📌የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀት የብዙ ሰዎች ችግር ነው፡፡ ጥናቶች እንደሚጠቁሙት እስከ 80 % የሚሆኑትን ሰዎች ጋር ያለ ችግር ነው፡፡ በእርግጥ ችግር ነው ተብሎም ላይነሳ ይችላል፡፡ ምክንያቱም መምህራንን ጨምሮ የ public speaking ልምድ ያላቸው አርቲስቶች፣ ፓለቲከኞች፣ የሀይማኖት መሪዎች ሁሉ የሚጋሩት common ስሜት ስለሆነ ነው፡፡

✅ይህ የፕረዘንቴሽን (public speaking) ፍርሀት ጤናማ ስሜት ነው፡፡ የሁሉም ሰው የጋራ ሰሜትና እንዲያውም የራሱ ጥቅሞችም ያሉት ስሜት ነው ፤ችግር የሚሆነው ፍርሀቱ ከልክ ካለፈ ነው፡

📌የሚከተሉት መንገዶች የፕረዘንቴሽንን ፍርሀት ለመቀነስና ውጤታማ ፕረዘንቴሽን ለማድረግ ያግዛሉ፡፡

1. የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀት ጤናማና የተለመደ ስሜት መሆኑን መረዳት፡፡
Literally ሁሉም ሰው ይፈራል፡፡ ልዩነቱ፡አንዳንዶች ይቆጣጠሩታል ሌሎች ግን አያደርጉትም፡፡
ይህ የፍርሀት ስሜት ሊያስደነግጠን ሳይሆን በደንብ እንድንዘጋጅ ሊያመላክተን ይገባል፡፡
ፍርሀት ጥቅም አለው፡፡ ይሄውም ባዮሎጂካሊ በሰውነታችን ውስጥ የሆርሞንን መጠን ከፍ በማድረግ የበለጠ ኢነርጂ እንዲኖረን ያደርጋል፡፡
2. ፕረዘንቴሽን ልምምድ (rehearsal )
ፕረዘንቴሽን ልምምድ ይፈልጋል፡፡ ፕረዘንት የምናደርገውን ነገር በደንብ ማወቃችንን፣ ቋንቋችንን፣ ድምፃችንን እንዲሁም ሰአት አጠቃቀማችንን የምናስተካክለው በልምምድ ኀው፡፡
ፕረዘንት የሚያደርግ ሰው ልክ እንደ መድረክ ተዋናይ ነው፡፡ ፕረዘንቴሽንም በራሱ በተወሰነ መንገድ ትወና ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም ማንም ተዋናይ በደንብ ሳይለማመድ መድረክ ላይ እንደማይወጣ ፕረዘንት የሚያደርግ ሰውም በበቂ ሁኔታ ልምምድ ማድረግ ይኖርበታል፡፡
በምንለማመድበት ጊዜ ጓደኞቻችን ፊት ሊሇን ይችላል ወይም ብቻችንን ቆመን ሰው ፊት እንዳለን በማሰብ መለማመድ ይቻላል፡፡
" Practice makes perfect"
3. መረጋጋት፣ እራስን ማረጋጋት
4. በቂ አየር መውሰድ ፣ መተንፈስ
5. ፕረዘንት የምናደርግበትን ቦታና መምህራኑን ቀድሞ ማወቅ፡፡ ይህም ሲባል ፕረዘንት የምናደርግበት ቦታ ቀደም ብለን በመሄድ ማየትና የምንቆምበትን ቦታ ስሜቱን መረዳት ነው፡፡
6. አለባበስን ማስተካከል፡፡ ጥሩ አለባበስ በራስ መተማመንን ይጨምራል፡፡
7. ፕረዘንት የማድረግ ፍላጎትን ማዳበር፣ ይህም ሲባል ፕረዘንቴሽንን እንደ ግዴታ ሳይሆን የሰራነውን ነገር ለሰዎች እንደምናሳይበት እንደ ጥሩ አጋጣሚ መውሰድ፡፡
8. በቂ አረፍት ወስዶ መገኘት
9. ቀደም ብሎ መገኘት (አለማርፈድ)
10. ከመጀመሪያው ውጤታማ ስራ መስራት፡፡ ምክንያቱም የአንዳንዶች የፍርሀት ምንጭ በቂ ስራ ካለመስራትና ካለመዘጋጀት ነው፡፡
ብዙ
#መማር የሚፈልጉ ሰዎች ስላሉ እባክዎ #ሼር ያድርጉት

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Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 
✅ለማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እገዛ ይጠይቁ

✅ማንኛውንም የመመረቂያ ፅሁፍ፣ የፕሮፖዛል እና የዲፌንስ ዝግጅት ልዩ ድጋፍ በጥራት እና በፍጥነት
ለእገዛ 👉  @researcher13 or
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Channel @zresearcher
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✅Research Variables!

Variables:- ማንኛውንም ጥናታዊ ስራ ለመስራት በምናስብበት ወቅት ስለ ምናጠናው ሃሳብ ተያያዥነት ያላቸው ጉዳዮች፤ በጥናት ልናረጋግጠው በፈለግነው ሃሳብ ላይ ቀጥተኛም ሆነ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩ ጉዳዮች ወይም ሃሳቦች ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ:-

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የሚያነሳሱ ምክንያቶችን ለማጥናት ብናስብ፣ ቀጥተኛ ሆነ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩ ሃሳቦችን መጀመሪያ እንለያለን፣ እነሱም ጾታ፤ እድሜ፤ የትዳር ሁኔታ፤ የስራ በሃሪ፤ ገቢ፤ የመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ ሲጋራ ማጨስን ጨምሮ Variables ይባላሉ። የምንመርጣቸውን Variables ከTheory አንጻር፤ ከሌሎች ጥናታዊ ግኝቶች አንጻር እና ከልምድ አንጻር በመመስረት መምረጥ ይይቻላል።

ለምሳሌ:-

ወጣትነት ለማጨስ እንደሚገፋፋ ከልምድ በመነሳት፤ የገቢ ማነስ በብስጭት ምክንያት ለማጨስ እንደሚዳርግ የተረጋገጠ ጥናት ካለ በመውሰድ፤ ሌሎቹንም በምክንያት በማስደገፍ መርጦ መጠቀም ይቻላል። ነገር ግን ከላይ ከተጠቀሱት ምክያቶች ውጪ ምክንያት አለኝ ወይም ማረጋገጥ እፈልጋለው ለሚል አጥኚ የራሱን ሃሳብ በማቅረብ ማጥናት ይችላል።

ለምሳሌ:-

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የኢንተርኔት መጥፋት ምክንያት ነው የሚል Variables ቢመረጥ ስህትት አይደለም ነገር ግን በመረጃ በመነሳት ግንኙነት እንዳለው እና እንደሌለው ማረጋገጥ ብቻ ነው የሚጠበቅበት።

በግለሰብ ደረጃ ሲጋራ ለማጨስ የሚያነሳሱ ምክንያቶችን ለማጥናት ብናስብ በጥናት የሚረጋገጠው ሲጋራ ማጨስ (Dependent ወይም Outcome Variable) ይባላል። ምክንያቱም ሲጋራ ማጨስ በጾታ፤ በእድሜ፤ በትዳር ሁኔታ፤ በስራ በሃሪ፤ በገቢ፤ በመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ ተጽኖ ስለሚያድርበት በነሱ ላይ ጥገኛ ነው።

ነገር ግን በራሳቸው ቆመው በሲጋራ ማጨስ ላይ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥሩት ጾታ፤ እድሜ፤ የትዳር ሁኔታ፤ የስራ በሃሪ፤ ገቢ፤ የመኖሪያ አካባቢ፤ ወዘተ (Independent ወይም Explanatory Variables) ይባላሉ። ምክንያቱም ሲጋራ ማጨስ በተቃራኒው የግለሰቡ ጾታ ላይ ተጽኖ መፍጠር አይችልም (ሰው ስላጨሰ ጾታው አይለወጥም ነገር ግን ጾታው እንዲያጨስ ተጽኖ ሊፈጥርበት ይችላል

ለምሳሌ:- ወንዶች ከሴቶች በላይ አጫሽ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ።

Y(ሲጋራ ማጨስ) = f(ጾታ + እድሜ + የትዳር ሁኔታ + የስራ በሃሪ + ገቢ + የመኖሪያ አካባቢ + ወዘተ + Error Term)

በተለይ የEconometrics Model በመጠቀም ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ለማቅረብ ለሚያስቡ አጥኚዎች የምንመርጠውን Variables በጥንቃቄ መምረጥ የማንችል ከሆን የመጨረሻ ውጤቱን ሊያዛባው ይችላል። በተለይ የመረጥነው Independent Variable በተቃራኒው በራሱ በIndependent Variable ላይ ተዘዋዋሪ ተጽኖ የሚፈጥር ከሆን በጣም ክፍተኛ ስህተት የሆነ ውጤት ነው የምናገኘው። የዚህ አይነቱ ችግር Multicolinearity Effect ይባላል። ስለዚህ በቅድሚያ Variables በጥንቃቄ በመምረጥ እንዲሁም የዚህ አይነቱን ችግር መኖሩን የሚያረጋግጠውን Multicolinearity Test ለማድረግ የተለመደው variance-inflating factor (VIF) ስልት ሲሆን በVIF የሚገኘው አማካይ ውጤት ከ10በታች ከሆነ የወሰድናቸው Independent Variables ትክክለኛ ወሆናቸውን ያሳያል። ለዚህ የሚያገለግሉ ሶፍትዌሮች E-View፤ Stata፤ SPSS፤ Sas፤ ወዘተ) በመጠቀም ችግሩን መቅረፍ ይገባል።

© The Ethiopian Economist View

Research ከtitle መረጣ እስከ ማጠቃለያ (Discussion, conclusion and reccomendation 

✅ማንኛውንም አይነት አሳይመንት እናግዛለን።
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