HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESIS vs ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESISIn statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) are two competing statements about a population parameter or the relationship between variables.
The null hypothesis represents the absence of an effect, while the alternative hypothesis suggests that there is a difference, relationship, or effect present.
More specifically:
1. Null Hypothesis (H0):
The null hypothesis assumes that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables, or that any observed difference is due to chance.
It is often stated as a statement of equality, such as
"
there is no difference" or
"the mean is equal to a specific value.
"there is no effect.. "
"there is no association..."
Example
If the research question is:-
Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"
The Ho would be:-
There is no significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."
Researchers generally try to disprove the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha):
The alternative hypothesis is the statement that contradicts or opposes the null hypothesis.
It suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables, or
that the observed difference is not due to chance.
It can be directional (one-sided) or non-directional (two-sided).
A directional alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the expected effect
"the mean is greater than"
"the mean is less than"
while a non-directional alternative hypothesis simply states that there is a difference or relationship without specifying the direction. Or
the mean is different...
Example If the research question is:-
"Does a new teaching method improve students' test scores?"
The alternative (Ha) would be stated:-
Directional alternative hypothesis:
"Students who receive the new teaching method will have significantly higher test scores compared to those who do not."
Non-directional alternative hypothesis:
"There is a significant difference in test scores between students who receive the new teaching method and those who do not."
But you don't state as directional or non directional alternative hypotheses in your research.
Which hypothesis can I use?
In choosing which hypothesis to state in your study, it depends on your research question or objective.
If you have a specific expectation or a prior belief about the
direction of the
effect, you may choose a directional alternative hypothesis.
On the other hand, if you simply want to determine whether there is a difference or relationship between variables without specifying a direction, a non-directional alternative hypothesis would be appropriate.
Moreover, You may or may not state both null and alternative hypotheses for similar research questions in your research.
However, in many research studies, the alternative hypothesis tends to be of more interest because it represents the claim or effect that the researcher wants to establish or support.
The researcher rejects the null hypothesis if the p value is significant (P‹ 0.05)
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