NEET Biology Notes Quiz Tricks

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✅ Functions of Brain

➖ Sensory processing: The brain receives and processes sensory information from the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell).

➖ Movement control: The brain coordinates and controls voluntary and involuntary movement.

➖ Emotion regulation: The brain regulates emotional responses and experiences.

➖ Learning and memory: The brain is responsible for encoding, storing, and retrieving memories.

➖ Thinking and reasoning: The brain is responsible for complex mental processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, and abstract thinking.

➖ Language processing: The brain processes language and allows for speech and communication.

➖ Homeostasis: The brain regulates various physiological processes, such as hunger, thirst, and temperature control, to maintain a stable internal environment.

✅ Characteristics of parenchyma

➖ They are living permanent tissues that have the ability to divide at maturity and help in the regeneration and healing of wounds
➖ Parenchyma cells are the foundation of a plant as reproductive cells (spores, gametes) are parenchymatous in nature
➖ Single parenchyma cell of a zygote has an ability to develop into an entire plant. These cells are called “totipotent” cells
➖ Parenchyma cells occur in the form of continuous masses as homogeneous parenchyma tissues e.g. in pith and cortex of stems and roots, mesophyll of leaves, the flesh of succulent fruits and in the endosperm of seeds
➖ Parenchyma cells may be associated with other types of cells to form heterogeneous complex tissues such as parenchyma of xylem and phloem
➖ Parenchyma cells are essential for activities like photosynthesis, storage, secretion, assimilation, respiration, excretion and radial transport of water and solute

✅ पैरेन्काइमा के लक्षण

➖ वे जीवित स्थायी ऊतक होते हैं जो परिपक्वता पर विभाजित होने की क्षमता रखते हैं और घावों के पुनर्जनन और उपचार में मदद करते हैं
➖ पैरेन्काइमा कोशिकाएं पौधे की नींव होती हैं क्योंकि प्रजनन कोशिकाएं (बीजाणु, युग्मक) प्रकृति में पैरेन्काइमा होती हैं
➖ जाइगोट की एकल पैरेन्काइमा कोशिका में एक पूरे पौधे में विकसित होने की क्षमता होती है। इन कोशिकाओं को "टोटिपोटेंट" कोशिकाएँ कहा जाता है
➖ पैरेन्काइमा कोशिकाएं सजातीय पैरेन्काइमा ऊतकों के रूप में निरंतर द्रव्यमान के रूप में होती हैं उदा। तनों और जड़ों के मज्जा और प्रांतस्था में, पत्तियों के पर्णमध्योतक, रसीले फलों के मांस और बीजों के भ्रूणपोष में
➖ पैरेन्काइमा कोशिकाएं अन्य प्रकार की कोशिकाओं से जुड़ी हो सकती हैं, जिससे विषम जटिल ऊतक जैसे जाइलम और फ्लोएम के पैरेन्काइमा बनते हैं।
➖ पैरेन्काइमा कोशिकाएं प्रकाश संश्लेषण, भंडारण, स्राव, आत्मसात, श्वसन, उत्सर्जन और पानी और विलेय के रेडियल परिवहन जैसी गतिविधियों के लिए आवश्यक हैं।

🥳 Important Questions for NEET Biology

1. What is the correct representation of organisation levels in living beings?
👉🏻Atomic→Molecular→Subcellular→Cellular→Tissue→Organ System→Individual

2. What is the first step of taxonomy?
👉🏻The first step of taxonomy is the identification of the organism.

3. What is the sequence of taxonomic categories?
👉🏻Division→Class→Order→Family→Tribe→Genus→Species

4. What do you mean by Biological Classification?
👉🏻To identify dissimilarities among organisms and place them into groups that reflect their most important features and relationship.

5. Why does Funaira require water?
👉🏻In Funaira, fertilisation occurs only in water. Therefore, it requires water.

6. What do you mean by Phenetics?
👉🏻Phenetics is a method of classification based on similarities between organisms without regard to their evolutionary relationships. In this classification, the organisms are arranged according to the overall similarities of existing organisms based on observation characters.

7. Name the two animals that have non-glandular skin.
👉🏻Chameleon and Turtle.

8. Name the common feature shared by birds and mammals.
👉🏻Both are warm-blooded.

9. What are adventitious roots?
👉🏻Roots developed from the part of the plant other than the radicle are called adventitious roots.

10. Where does the placenta attach to develop the seed?
👉🏻It is attached to the developing seed near the hilum

🦠 Common Human Diseases and Affected Body Part 🦠
==============================

🔸 AIDS ➖ Immune system of the body

🔸 Arthritis ➖ Joints

🔸 Asthma ➖ Bronchial muscles

🔸 Bronchitis ➖ Lungs

🔸 Carditis ➖ Heart

🔸 Cataract ➖ Eye

🔸 Cystitis ➖ Bladder

🔸 Colitis ➖ Intestine

🔸 Conjunctivitis ➖ Eye

🔸 Dermatitis ➖ Skin

🔸 Diabetes ➖ Pancreas and blood

🔸 Diphtheria ➖ Throat

🔸 Eczema ➖ Skin

🔸 Goitre ➖ Thyroid gland

🔸 Glossitis ➖ Tongue

🔸 Glaucoma ➖ Eye

🔸 Gastritis ➖ Stomach

🔸 Hepatitis ➖ Liver

🔸 Jaundice ➖ Liver

🔸 Malaria ➖ Spleen

🔸 Meningitis ➖ Brain and spinal cord

🔸 Myelitis ➖ Spinal cord

🔸 Neuritis ➖ Nerves

🔸 Otitis ➖ Ear

🔸 Osteomyelitis ➖ Bones

🔸 Paralysis ➖ Nerves and limb

🔸 Pyorrhoea ➖ Teeth

🔸 Peritonitis ➖ Abdomen

🔸 Pneumonia ➖ Lungs

🔸 Rhinitis ➖ Nose

🔸 Rheumatism ➖ Joints

🔸 Tuberculosis ➖ Lungs

🔸 Tonsillitis ➖ Tonsils

🔸 Trachoma ➖ Eye

✅ Characteristics of Fungi

➖ Fungi are eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic organisms.
➖ They may be unicellular or filamentous.
➖ They reproduce by means of spores.
➖ Fungi exhibit the phenomenon of alternation of generation.
➖ Fungi lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform photosynthesis.
➖ Fungi store their food in the form of starch.
➖ Biosynthesis of chitin occurs in fungi.
➖ The nuclei of the fungi are very small.
➖ The fungi have no embryonic stage. They develop from the spores.
➖ The mode of reproduction is sexual or asexual.
➖ Some fungi are parasitic and can infect the host.
➖ Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to sexual reproduction in fungi.
➖ Examples include mushrooms, moulds and yeast.

☘️🌴Transportation in Plants☘️🌴

➖The plants have low energy needs, as they use relatively slow transport systems.
➖Plant transport systems move energy from leaves and raw materials from roots to all their parts.
➖The xylem (tissue) moves water and minerals obtained from the soil to all other parts of the plants.
➖The phloem (tissue) transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves (where they are synthesized) to other parts of the plant.


Movement of Water in Plants
➖Water moves into the root from the soil and then steady it moves into the root xylem, creating a column of water, which is progressively pushed upwards.
➖Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf (see the image given above) creates a suction process, which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots; this process keeps going on.
➖The loss of water in the form of vapor from the leaves (i.e. aerial parts) of the plant is known as transpiration.
➖Transpiration, likewise, helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
➖Transpiration also helps in the temperature regulation (in plants).
➖The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is known as translocation, which occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem.
➖Along with photosynthesis products, the phloem also transports amino acids and other substances, which are ultimately delivered to roots, fruits, seeds, and to growing organs.

🔰 Morphology of Flowering Plants 🔰

The morphology of flowering plants refers to the study of the physical structure and form of these plants. It encompasses various aspects of the anatomy and development of flowering plants, including the structure of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. Some of the key aspects of the morphology of flowering plants are:

➖ Stem: The stem provides support to the plant and transports water, minerals, and sugars between the roots and the leaves.

➖ Leaves: Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs of the plant, and they are usually flat and broad to maximize their surface area for capturing sunlight.

➖ Root: The root anchors the plant in the soil and absorbs water and minerals.

➖ Flowers: Flowers are the reproductive organs of flowering plants and are often brightly colored and scented to attract pollinators.

➖ Fruits: Fruits are the mature ovaries of flowering plants and often contain seeds that can be dispersed by wind, water, or animals.

➖ Inflorescence: An inflorescence is a cluster of flowers on a single stem, and it is often a characteristic feature of many flowering plant species.

➖ Reproductive Structures: The reproductive structures of flowering plants include the male and female gametes, the pollen, the stigma, the style, and the ovary.

MCQ on Morphology of Flowering Plants: https://t.me/NEET_Biology_Notes_Quiz_Tricks/5051

🔰 Pituitary Hormone 🔰

The pituitary gland, located in the brain, is often referred to as the "master gland" because it produces and regulates several hormones that control various physiological processes in the body. Some of the key pituitary hormones include:

➖ Growth hormone (GH): Growth hormone stimulates cell growth and reproduction, and also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

➖ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): ACTH stimulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands, which regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress.

➖ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries in women, and promotes sperm production in men.

➖ Luteinizing hormone (LH): LH triggers ovulation in women and testosterone production in men.

➖ Prolactin (PRL): Prolactin stimulates milk production in women and also plays a role in regulation of the menstrual cycle and sexual function.

➖ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and energy levels.

➖ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): ADH regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Important terms in Biology for NEET l

➖ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.
➖ RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
➖ Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell.
➖ Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell.
➖ Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
➖ Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
➖ Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
➖ Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
➖ Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
➖ Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles.
➖ Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.
➖ Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment.
➖ Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds.
➖ Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP.
➖ Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment.
➖ Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.
➖ Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection.
➖ Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
➖ Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes.
➖ Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.
➖ Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
➖ Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components.
➖ Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
➖ Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA.
➖ Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
➖ Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
➖ Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
➖ Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement.
➖ Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
➖ Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport.
➖ Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
➖ Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products.
➖ ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
➖ Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
➖ Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

🌟 Important Points of NCERT 🌟

1. 1770 : Joseph Priestley - Essential role of air in growth of green plant.
2. 1774 : Joseph Priestley - Discovered O2
.
3. 1831 : Robert Brown - Ist discovered and described nucleus.
4. 1838 : Schleiden (German Botanist) - Work on plants.
5. 1839 : Schwann(British Zoologist) - Work on both plants & animals.
6. 1855 : Rudolf Virchow - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (cells arises from
pre-existing cells).
7. Life originate from pre-existing life : Pasteur (Yeast).
8. Life originate from non-living (decaying & rotting matter) : Spontaneous
generation.
9. Life originate from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (RNA,
Protein)- Oparin (Russia) & Haldane (England)- Chemical Evolution.
10. 1856 - 1863 : Mendal experiment on garden pea. (7 years)
11. 1860 : Julius von Sachs - Developed hydroponics.
12. 1865 : Mendal published his work.
13. 1866 : Langdon Down - Down’s syndrome.
14. 1869 : Friedrich Meischer - Ist identified DNA and named it nuclein.
15. 1891 : Henking - Discovered X-body.
16. 1891 : Fossil discovered in Java - Homo erectus.
17. 1892 : Ivanowsky - Discovered virus.
18. 1898 : Beijerinek - Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
19. 1898 : Camillo Golgi - Discovered (observed) G.B.
20. 1900 : de Vries, Corre ns and von Tsche rmak inde pende ntly
rediscovered Mendel’s results.
21. 1902 : Chromosome movement during meiosis has been worked out.
22. 1905 : Law of limiting factor (Blackmann).
23. 1928 : Fredrick Griffith - Transforming experiment with Streptococcus
pneumoniae (Diplococcus).
24. 1935 : Stanley - Crystallised viruses.
25. 1937 : Ramde o Misra obtained Ph.D. in Ecology from Lee ds
university (U.K.).
26. 1938 : Coelocanth fish caught in South Africa.
27. 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey - Awarded Nobel prize.
28. 1950 : Watson obtained Ph.D. on a study of the effect of hard X-rays
on bacteriophage multiplication.
29. 1951 : Family planning programme started in India.
30. 1952 : Hershey & Chase-experiment on bacteriophage or Bacterial virus
gives unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material.
31. 1953 : Miller experiment - Methane, ammonia, hydrogen & water
vapour.
32. 1953 : Watson & Crick - Double helical structure of B-DNA &
replication scheme.
33. 1953 : Palade : Discovered ribosome.
34. 1954 : Ramachandran - Triple helical model of collagen, published
in Nature.
35. 1954 : Crick complete d Ph.D. on a thesis “X-rays diffraction :
polypeptides and proteins.
36. 1958 : Meselson & Stahl - Work on E.coli proves semiconservative
replication of DNA in prokaryotes.
37. 1958 : Taylor - Work on Vicia faba proves semiconservative replication
of DNA in eukaryotes.
38. 1960 : Katherine Esau - Published “Anatomy of Seed Plants.”
39. 1961 : Melvin Calvin - Nobel Prize.
40. 1962 : Watson, Crick and Wilikins - Nobel Prize.
41. 1963 : Wheat varieties (Sonalika & Kalyan sona) introduced.
42. 1963 : Two enzyme responsible for restricting growth of bacteriophage
in E.coli were isolated.
43. 1966 : Derivative of IR-8 & Taichung native-I introduced.
44. 1969 : Whittaker - Five kingdom classification.
45. 1971 : Govt. of India legalized MTP.
46. 1971 : Diener- Discovered Viroid(free RNA without capsid).
47. 1972 : Singer & Nicolson - Fluid mosaic model.
48. 1972 : Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer - Formed Ist recombinant DNA.
49. 1972 : Establishme nt of NCEPC - National Committe e for
Environmental Planning & Coordination.
50. 1974 : Water act.
51. 1980 : Joint forest management, (JFM).
52. 1981 : AIDS was Ist reported.
53. 1981 : Air act.
54. 1983 : Eli Lily (An American company) produces insulin in E.coli by
recombinant DNA technology.
55. 1984 : Establishment of MOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest.
56. 1986 : Environment Protection Act.
57. 1987 : Montreal protocol. Held in Montreal, Canada.

🌟 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟

🚨🚨🚨Types of Teeth and Their Functions

There are 4 types of teeth in the oral cavity:

✅✅Incisors –

The four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws are called incisors.  Their primary function is to cut food.  The two incisors on either side of the midline are known as central incisors.  The two adjacent teeth to the central incisors are known as the lateral incisors.  Incisors have a single root and a sharp incisal edge.

✅✅Canines –

There are four canines in the oral cavity. Two in the maxillary arch and two in the mandibular area.  They are behind and adjacent to the lateral incisors.  Their main function is to tear food.  They have a single, pointed cusp and a single root.  They have the longest root of any tooth.  They also serve to form the corners of the mouth.

✅✅Premolars (Bicuspids) –

These teeth are located behind and adjacent to the canines and are designed to crush food.  There are eight premolars in the oral cavity.  There are two in each quadrant of the mouth.  The one closest to the midline is the first premolar and the one farthest from the midline is the second premolar.  These teeth can have 3-4 cusps.  The maxillary first premolar has two roots, and the remaining premolars have a single root.  There are no premolars in the primary dentition.

✅✅Molars –

The most posterior teeth in the mouth are the molars.  They have broader and flatter surfaces with 4-5 cusps.  They are designed to grind food.  Mandibular molars typically have 2 roots.  Maxillary molars, which are located behind the second premolars, typically have 3 roots.  There are 12 molars in the permanent dentition with three in each quadrant of the mouth.  They are named starting with closest to the midline as first molars, second molars and third molars.  Although, some people do not fully develop the third molars.  Third molars are often referred to as wisdom teeth.  The primary dentition only contains eight molars.

✅ Characteristics of Fungi

➖ Fungi are eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic organisms.
➖ They may be unicellular or filamentous.
➖ They reproduce by means of spores.
➖ Fungi exhibit the phenomenon of alternation of generation.
➖ Fungi lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform photosynthesis.
➖ Fungi store their food in the form of starch.
➖ Biosynthesis of chitin occurs in fungi.
➖ The nuclei of the fungi are very small.
➖ The fungi have no embryonic stage. They develop from the spores.
➖ The mode of reproduction is sexual or asexual.
➖ Some fungi are parasitic and can infect the host.
➖ Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to sexual reproduction in fungi.
➖ Examples include mushrooms, moulds and yeast.