CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF

🔆 Forty-Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978

📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 300A: Removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right under this article.

📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 74 (Clause 1): Made it mandatory for the President to act based on the written advice of the Cabinet, particularly in relation to Emergency declarations.
✅ Article 352: Restricted the grounds for declaring a national emergency to armed rebellion (replacing "internal disturbance").
✅ Article 356 (Clause 5): Limited the period of President’s Rule in states to 6 months, extendable up to a maximum of 1 year, subject to special majority approval.
✅ Article 359 (Clause 1): Restored judicial protection of Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21, even during an Emergency.
✅ Article 31C: Partially restored its pre-42nd Amendment form, reintroducing judicial review for laws implementing Directive Principles.
✅ Restored the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies to 5 years (from 6 years under the 42nd Amendment).

📍 Removals:
✅ Article 19 (Clause 1)(f): Omitted the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right.
✅ Article 31: Omitted provisions protecting compensation for property acquisition.

📍 Significance:
✅ Ensured judicial safeguards during Emergency by protecting Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21.
✅ Strengthened the federal structure by limiting the duration of President’s Rule in states.
✅ Reaffirmed democratic principles by restoring the tenure of legislatures to 5 years.
✅ Reduced the scope of executive overreach by mandating written Cabinet advice for key Presidential actions.

The Forty-Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, was a corrective measure post-Emergency, aimed at restoring constitutional balance, safeguarding citizens' rights, and reinforcing democratic accountability.


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🔆State of India’s Fisheries Sector

✅India is the 3rd largest fish producer and 2nd largest aquaculture nation in the world after China.
✅India ranks 4th globally in fish exports, contributing 7.7% to global fish production.
✅Top fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka.
✅Inland fisheries account for over 75% of total output.
📍Government's Initiatives:
✅Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
✅Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)
✅Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
✅Marine Products Export Development Authority

🔆Key Themes of Paris AI Action Summit 2025: 

✅Public Interest AI: Developing open AI infrastructure for social, economic, and environmental benefits. 
✅Future of Work: Ensuring AI’s responsible use through sustained social dialogue. 
✅Innovation & Culture: Creating sustainable AI ecosystems, especially for creative industries. 
✅Trust in AI: Establishing scientific consensus on AI safety and security. 
✅Global AI Governance: Shaping an inclusive and effective international AI governance framework

🔆 Project Shaurya Gatha: Preserving India's Military Heritage

✅Context : Launched by Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan, the Project Shaurya Gatha aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through education and tourism.

📌 About the Project
✅ Initiative by: Department of Military Affairs in collaboration with the United Service Institution (USI) of India.
✅ Aim: To preserve and promote India’s military legacy through awareness and tourism.

📌 Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF)
✅ Formation: First organized in 2023 at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
✅ Objective: Enhance public understanding of India’s military history, heritage, and strategic priorities.
✅ Organizers: Conducted by USI of India through its Centre for Military History and Conflict Studies (CMHCS).

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🔆 Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976

📍 Key Additions:
✅ Preamble: Added "socialist," "secular," and "integrity" to define India's core values.
✅ Directive Principles (Articles 39A, 43A, 48A): Introduced:
🟢 Equal justice and free legal aid.
🏭 Participation of workers in industrial management.
🌳 Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife ✅ Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): Introduced Part IV-A, listing ten Fundamental Duties for citizens. ✅ Administrative Tribunals (Part XIV-A): Added Article 323A (administrative tribunals) and Article 323B (tribunals for other matters). ✅ Article 368 (Clauses 4 & 5): Made constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.

📍 Key Changes:
✅ Directive Principles Supremacy: Amended Article 31C to give Directive Principles precedence over Fundamental Rights in certain cases.
✅ Judicial Powers Curtailed: Restricted judicial review by Supreme Court and High Courts.
✅ Executive Powers Enhanced: Made the President bound by the Cabinet's advice.
✅ Tenure of Legislatures: Extended the term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
✅ President’s Rule: Increased its duration from 6 months to 1 year.
✅ Parliamentary Procedure: Removed the requirement of quorum for parliamentary and state legislative sessions.
✅ Lok Sabha Seats Frozen: Froze representation based on the 1971 census until 2001.
✅ Seventh Schedule: Moved five subjects (education, forests, protection of wildlife, weights and measures, and administration of justice) from the State List to the Concurrent List.

📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the Directive Principles to emphasize socio-economic reforms.
✅ Introduced Fundamental Duties to promote civic responsibility among citizens.
✅ Enhanced centralization of powers but raised concerns about weakening the federal structure.

The Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often referred to as the "Mini-Constitution", brought sweeping changes to India’s governance framework, reflecting the authoritarian tendencies of the Emergency period while emphasizing the goals of a socialist and secular state.

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